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A

A.....U.S., launch vehicle. See Atlas.

A.....Orbit element, Keplerian element, see semimajor axis.

A.....Russia, launch vehicle designation. See SL-1, 2900 lbs (1300 kg) LEO. First launch 1957/10/04, Sputnik, Sheldon Name A or SL-2, 8K71, Semyorka, Sapwood, 2900 lbs (1300 kg) LEO. First launch 1957/11/03, Sputnik, Sheldon Name A. First launch 1957/10/04

A BROAD-BAND IMAGING X-RAY ALL-SKY SURVEY.....Germany, satellite, scientific. See ABRIXAS.

A-1.....Russia, launch vehicle. See SL-3, 10,400 lbs (4730 kg) LEO. Vostok, Sheldon Name A-1. First launch 1958/06/25

A-1.....U.S., launch Vehicle. See Scout, 269 lbs (122 kg) LEO. First launch 1966/12/21

A-1.....France, satellite. See ASTERIX.

A-1-m.....Russia, launch vehicle. See SL-5. First launch 1963/11/01, Sheldon Name A-1-m

A-2.....Russia, launch vehicle. See SL-4, 15,400 lbs (7000 kg) LEO. Soyuz, Sheldon Name A-2. First launch 1963/10/05

A-2-e.....Russia, launch vehicle. See SL-6. Molniya, Sheldon Name A-2-e. First launch 1960/10/10

A-3.....Germany, missile, V-2 development. First launch 1937/00/00

A-6.....U.S., launch vehicle motor, thrust 75,000 lbf (330 kN), pressure ? psi (? bar), liquid propellant LOX/Alcohol. Used on Redstone.

A-7.....U.S., launch vehicle motor, thrust 83,000 lbf (362 kN), pressure ? psi (? bar), liquid propellant LOX/Hydyne. Used on Redstone, Jupiter C, and Juno 1.

A-Train.....U.S. NASA, international, satellite constellation of 6, earth observation, study climate change. Constellation includes HELIOS 2A, PARASOL, AQUA, AURA. CALIPSO, CLOUDSAT. See AQUA-Train. First launch

A2100.....U.S., satellite bus, Lockheed Martin. GEO/MEO.

A2100AX.....U.S., satellite bus, Lockheed Martin. GEO/MEO.

A2100AX2.....U.S., satellite bus, Lockheed Martin. GEO/MEO.

A2100X.....U.S., satellite bus, Lockheed Martin. GEO/MEO.

AADC.....U.S., company, see Alaska Aerospace Development Corp.

AAP.....U.S., satellite, communications, GEO. First launch 2000/10/02

AAU-CUBESAT.....Denmark, satelite, imaging, LEO Polar orbit.  First launch 2003/06/30

AB.....Launch vehicle motor, Allegany Ballistics Lab.

AB1200.....U.S., satellite bus, TRW Space & Electronics, LEO.

AB940.....U.S., satellite bus, TRW Space & Electronics. GEO/MEO.

Abbot.....USS Abbot, recovery ship, part of the fleet which recovered or was on duty and capable of recovering the following: MERCURY Redstone 3.

abfahrt.....German for start.

abflug.....German for start.

ABL-248.....U.S., launch vehicle motor. Thrust 3100 lbf ( kN), pressure ? psi (? bar), propellant, solid ? Used on the Vanguard stage 3 launch vehicle. Also known as APB X-248, Altair X-248. Manufactured by the Allegheny Ballistic Laboratory (ABL).

Able.....U.S., launch vehicle, stage 2, AJ10-101 engine. Stage 3, X-248 motor. Used on Atlas-Able, Thor-Able.

Able & Baker.....U.S., payload on a Jupiter missile. American Rhesus monkeys, reached and altitude of 300 miles (510 km) and a speed of 10,000 mph (17,000 km/h). Recovered by the U.S. Navy tug, USS Kiowa. First launch 1959/05/28

ABMA.....U.S., organization, Army, Ballistic Missile Agency. Created in the 50's which became the Redstone Arsenal when the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center was formed. Managed the Jupiter missile and Able-Baker project. Joined NASA 1960/07/01.

ABRES.....U.S., launch complex at Vandenberg AFB.

ABRIXAS.....Germany, satellite, scientific, LEO. A BROAD-BAND IMAGING X-RAY ALL-SKY SURVEY. Hard x-ray, all sky survey. First launch 1999/04/28

AC.....Launch vehicle motor, AMOCO Chemicals Corp.

Academician Sergei Korolev.....Russia, tracking ship. See also tracking ships.

Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology.....China, organization. See China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology.

Academy of Rocket Technology.....China, organization. See China Academy of Rocket Technology.

Academy of Science.....China, organization. See CAS.

Academy of Solid Rocketry.....China, organization. See CASR.

Academy of Space Technology.....China, organization. See China Academy of Space Technology.

acceleration.....Measured in distance/sec². For Earth a_g = acceleration due to gravity, 9.978 m/s², 32.2 ft/s². See also Planet.

Acceleration of gravity at surface of a planet.....See planet.

ACCESS.....U.S., NASA, satellite, scientific, LEO. ADVANCED COSMIC-RAY COMPOSITION EXPERIMENT FOR ISS. First launch 2005/00/00

ACCESS.....U.S., NASA, satellite, technology, LEO. ASSEMBLY CONCEPT FOR CONSTRUCTION OF ERECTABLE SPACE STRUCTURES, deployed on an EVA by the STS-61B, to simulate the concept of Space Station construction (See ISSA). Launched at KSC. First launch 1985/11/27

ACE.....U.S., NASA, satellite, scientific, ADVANCED COMPOSITION EXPLORER, investigate solar plasma affects on the magnetosphere. Launched at CC by a Delta 2 into a heliocentric L1 orbit. First launch 1997/08/25

ACeS ASIA Cellular Satellite.....Indonesia, company, communications satellite operator, GARUDA. CYBER Building 5^th Floor, JL. Kuningan Barat No. 8, Jakarta, 12170 Indonesia. www.acesinternational.com.

ACES.....Indonesia, satellite, communications, owned by PSN, ASIA CELLULAR SATELLITE. See GARUDA.

ACRIMSAT.....U.S., NASA, satellite, scientific, solar physics, LEO. First launch 1999/12/21

ACS.....U.S., ship, command ship for Sea Launch, see Sea Launch Commander.

Actel.....African Continental Telecommunications Limited, aerospace company. Provides communication services to Africa.

ACTEL.....Gibralter, satellite, communications, GEO. First launch 2002/00/00

Action, Loran.....U.S., astronaut, STS-51F (19), 1985/07/29. First launch 1985/07/29

active satellite.....A satellite, typically a communications satellite, which retransmits electromagnetic signals, vs a passive satellite which reflects electromagnetic signals.

Active Dispenser.....U.S., launch vehicle, Aerojet, used on K-1. Thrust 2000 lbf (8.96 kN), pressure ? psi (? bar), propellant MMH/N₂O₄.

ACTIVE MAGNETOSPHERE PARTICLE TRACER EXPLORE......U.S. & German satellite. See AMPTE.

ACTIVE RADIO RELAY.....U.S., satellite, see COURIER 1-B 1 First launch 1960/10/04

ACTIVNY.....Russia, satellite. See INTERKOSMOS.

ACTS.....U.S. NASA, satellite, communications, GEO. ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SATELLITE. First launch 1993/09/12

AD.....Launch vehicle motor, Allison Div. (General Motors).

AD-A.....U.S., satellite, see AIR DENISTY EXPLORER.

Adams.....USS Adams, recovery ship, part of the fleet which recovered or was on duty and capable of recovering the following: MERCURY Atlas 2.

Adamson, James.....U.S., astronaut, STS-28, 1989/08/08, STS-43, 1991/08/02. First launch 1989/08/08

ADE.....U.S., satellite, see ATMOSPHERIC DENSITY EXPLORER or AIR DENSITY EXPLORER.

Adelaide.....Australia, City, Capital of South Australia and nearest main city to Woomera launch complex. Salisbury is a suburb. See Salisbury.

ADEO.....U.S., satellite, see ADEOS.

ADEOS.....Japan, NASDA, satellite, scientific, Polar orbit. ADVANCED EARTH OBSERVING SATELLITE. The satellite contains 8 international instruments for earth observation.

ADEOS 1 1996 046A, 1996/08/17, Tanegashima, H-II, MIDORI Also know as MIDORI.

First launch 1996/08/17

ADM-AEOLUS.....Europe, satellite, see AEOLUS.

ADN.....Launch vehicle propellant, solid, oxidizer, Ammonium dinitramine.

Adrastea.....Jupiter moon, one of 16. See also Metis, Adrastea, Amalthea, Thebe, Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, Leda, Sinope, Himalia, Lysithea, Elara, Ananke, Carme, Pasiphae.

Adroit.....USS Adroit, recovery ship, part of the fleet which recovered or was on duty and capable of recovering the following: APOLLO 17, SKYLAB 2.

Adv A2100.....U.S., satellite bus, Lockheed Martin. GEO/MEO.

ADV SDS.....U.S., satellite, communications, military. Also known as SDS or ADVANCED SPACE DEFENSE SYSTEM. USA-119, USA-125. First launch 1996/05/12

Advanced Extremely High Frequency Satellite.....U.S. Air Force satellite. See AEHF.

Advanced Polar Satellite.....U.S., satellite, see APS.

ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SATELLITE.....U.S., satellite. See ACTS.

ADVANCED COMPOSITION EXPLORER.....U.S., satellite. See ACE.

ADVANCED COSMIC RAY COMPOSITION EXPERIMENT FOR ISS.....U.S., satellite. See ACCESS.

ADVANCED CRYSTAL.....U.S. imaging reconnaissance satellites, also known as IMPROVED CRYSTAL or ADVANCE KH-11. See KENNAN. First launch 1990/02/28

ADVANCED EARTH OBSERVING SATELLITE.....Japan, satellite. See ADEOS.

ADVANCED EHF.....U.S., satellite, military communications, laser. ADVANCED EXTREMELY HIGH FREQUENCY SATELLITE, also known as AEHF. Constellation of 3 satellites, GEO. Follow-on to MILSTAR 2. First launch 2014/00/00

ADVANCED EXPERIMENTAL COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE.....U.S. Satellite. See AECS.

ADVANCED EXTREMELY HIGH FREQUENCY.....U.S., satellite, see ADVANCED EHF.

ADVANCED JUMPSEAT.....U.S., satellite. See JUMPSEAT.

ADVANCED KH-11.....U.S., satellite, reconnaissance, LEO sun-sync. See KENNAN. First launch 2001/10/05

ADVANCED LAND OBSERVING SATELLITE.....Japan, satellite. See ALOS.

ADVANCED ORION.....U.S., satellite, see ORION, USA 105, USA 110, USA 118.

ADVANCED PHOTOVOLTAIC AND ELECTRONICS EXPERIMENT.....U.S. satellite. See APEX.

ADVANCED RELAY AND TECHNOLOGY MISSION SATELLITE.....Europe, satellite. See ARTEMIS.

ADVANCED RESEARCH AND GLOBAL OBSERVATION SATELLITE.....U.S., satellite. See ARGOS.

ADVANCED RESEARCH IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS.....Europe, ESA, satellite, see ARTES.

ADVANCED SATELLITE.....U.S., satellite see ASAT TARGET BALLOON.

ADVANCED SATELLITE FOR COSMOLOGY AND ASTROPHYSICS.....Japan and U.S., satellite. See ASCA.

ADVANCED SATELLITE FOR COSMOLOGY ASTROPHYSICS.....See ASCA

ADVANCED SDS.....U.S., satellite, see ADV SDS.

ADVANCED TIROS.....U.S., satellite, weather. See TIROS, NOAA 8 or E, NOAA 9 or F, NOAA 10 or G, NOAA 11 or H, NOAA 13 or J, NOAA 14 or K.

ADVANCED VELA.....U.S., satellite, see VELA.

ADVANCED X-RAY ASTROPHYSICS FACILITY.....U.S., satellite. See AXAF.

AdvTIROS-N.....U.S., satellite bus, Lockheed Martin, LEO.

AE.....U.S. satellite, ATMOSPHERE EXPLORER, EXPLORER #55. See EXPLORER.

AE.....Launch vehicle motor, Aerodyne Corp. (formerly AD).

AE-C.....U.S., satellite, research, EXPLORER 51, 1973/12/16, WTR, Delta, HEO, re-entry 1978/12/12. Also known as ATMOSPHERE EXPLORER C, AE C.

AE-D.....U.S., satellite, research, EXPLORER 54, 1975/10/06, WTR, Delta, HEO, re-entry 1976/03/12. Also known as ATMOSPHERE EXPLORER D, AE D.

AE-E.....U.S., satellite, research, EXPLORER 55, 1975/11/20, ETR, Delta, LEO, re-entry 1981/06/18. Also known as ATMOSPHERE EXPLORER E, AE E.

AEB.....Brazil, organization, Brazil Space Agency, see Agencia Espacial Brasileira.

AEC.....U.S., organization. Atomic Energy Commission, now part of the U.S. Department of Energy.

AECS.....U.S. USAF, satellite, ADVANCED EXPERIMENTAL COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE. Launched at WTR by Titan IIIB-Agena D. First launch 1971/03/20

Aegir.....Norse, god of the sea.

AEHF.....U.S., satellite, see ADVANCED EHF.

AEHF.....U.S., Air Force, satellite, communication. ADVANCED EXTREMELY HIGH FREQUENCY Satellite.

AEM.....U.S., satellite, atmospheric, LEO. ATMOSPHERIC EXPLORER MISSION. First launch 1978/04/26

Aeolus.....Greece, mythology, keeper of the winds. See also Eole.

Aeolus.....Australia, rocket, sounding, upper atmospheric research. Seven launches between 1958 and 1961. First launch 1958/00/00

AEOLUS.....Europe. satellite, earth observation, SSO. Also known as ADM-AEOLUS. Built by Astrium. First launch 2007/00/00

AERCAM.....U.S., satellite, camera, released by STS to examine the surface of the space vehicle. First launch 1997/12/03

Aerfer.....Europe, aerospace company, joined with Salmoiraghi in 1970 to become Aeritalia.

aerial.....Antenne (Fr)., antenne (D).

Aeritalia.....Europe, aerospace company, joined with Selenia in 1990 to become Alenia.

Aermacchi.....Europe, aerospace company, acquired Saia Marchetti in 1995.

AERO/ASTRO.....India, ISRO, satellite, scientific.

Aero-High.....Australia, rocket, sounding, upper atmosphere geophysics. Main program consisted of 12 launches between 1968 and 1972. 1964/00/00

AeroAstro.....U.S., aerospace company. Address: 520 Hutmar Park Drive, Herndon, VA 22070, USA.

Aerobee.....U.S. Sounding rocket for upper atmosphere geophysics. Drawn from the Navy's Bumblebee missile project, an enlarged descendant of the Wac Corporal. Became the stage 2 of the Vangaurd. Versions included 150 (Hi), 300, and 350. The standard Aerobee was capable of launching 150 lbs (68 kg) payloads to an altitude of 150 miles (250 km). Also launched from Woomera with Australian and USA University payloads. Standard Aerobee First launch 1947/09/25

Aerobee 150A.....U.S., Sounding rocket, upper atmosphere geophysics. Capable of launching 150 lbs (68 kg) to an altitude of 82 miles (150 km). Was the Aerobee Hi. Named changed by NASA in 1959/09. First launch 1959/09/00

Aerobee 300.....U.S., Sounding rocket, upper atmosphere geophysics. Consisted of the Aerobee Hi with a Sparrow solid rocket motor second stage. Capable of launching a payload of 100 lbs (45 kg) to an altitude of 260 miles (420 km) Only flown from Churchill. Also known as Spaerobee. First launch 1958/10/22

Aerobee 350.....U.S., Sounding rocket, upper atmosphere geophysics. Booster was a Nike Ajax motor with the Aerobee 150 upper stage. Capability 150-500 lbs (68-227 kg) 150-300 miles (240-480 km). First launch 1965/06/18

Aerobee Hi.....U.S., Sounding rocket, upper atmosphere geophysics. See Aerobee 150. First launch 04/21/1955

AEROCUBE.....U.S., satellite, technolgy, AerospaceCorp, picosatellite that is a cubesat. First launch 2006/07/26

Aerojet Engineering.....U.S., aerospace company, purchased by General Tire and Rubber Co., in 1945. Became Aerojet General.

Aerojet General.....U.S., aerospace company. Address: PO Box 13222, Sacramento, CA 95813-6000, USA. Was Aerojet Engineering, became part of GenCorp Aerojet.

Aerojet General Elecronics and Information Systems.....U.S., aerospace company, became part of Northrop Grumman in 2000.

Aerojet SRB.....U.S., launch vehicle motor, see SRB.

Aerokosmos.....Russia, launch vehicle, see Shtil 3A.

AERONOMY OF THE ICE IN THE MESOSPHERE.....U.S., satellite, see AIM.

AEROS.....U.S. & German, satellite, scientific, LEO. Two satellites launched into polar orbits on a Scout by the U.S. at the VAFB to investigate physical processes in the upper layers of earth's atmosphere. The effort was in cooperation with Germany.

AEROS 1 launched 1972/12/16.

AEROS 2 launched 1974/07/16.

First launch 1972/12/16

Aerospace Ministry.....China, organization. See China Aerospace Ministry.

Aerospace Tsinghua Satellite Technology Co. Ltd.....China, company, Tsinghua University of Beijing and several high-tech companies formed company, focusing on developing microsats and detector technologies.

Aerospatiale.....France, aerospace company. Main contractor for the Ariane Launch vehicles. The satellite division became Alcatel. See Aerospatiale & Dassault.

Aerospatiale & Dassault.....Europe, aerospace company. Aerospatiale and Dassault Aviation joined in 1997. Address: 37 boulevard de Montmornecy, 75781 Paris, Cedex 16, France.

AEROSTATNIY ZOND.....Russia, satellite, part of VEGA 1 and 2. ALSO known as AZ.

Aerozine 50.....Launch vehicle propellant, liquid, 50% UDMH and 50% hydrazine.

Aestus.....ESA, launch vehicle motor, DaimlerChrysler, used on Ariane 5 EPS upper stage, 6,500 lbf (29 kN), 145 psi (10 bar), fuel liquid, MMH/N₂O₄.

AF.....Orbital elements, see F & G Elements.

Afanasev, Viktor.....Russia, cosmonaut, see Afanasiev, Vikktor.

Afanasiev, Vikktor.....Russia, cosmonaut, SOYUZ TM 29,1999/2/20, SOYUZ TM 033, 2001/10/21. First launch 1999/02/20

Afanasyev, Viktor.....Russia, cosmonaut, SOYUZ TM 11, 1990/12/02, SOYUZ TM 18, 1994/01/08. First launch 1990/12/02

AFCRL.....U.S., USAF, satellite, see CRL.

AFLICT.....Russia, manned, Mars Probe, proposed.

AFMTC.....U.S., space vehicle launch facility. See Air Force Missile Test Center

AFP.....U.S., Air Force, Air Force Program. See DoD Designation.

AFP-1010.....U.S., satellite. See KEYHOLE.

AFP-201.....U.S., Air Force, phase of the SAMOS project which used film return like CORONA without retro fire engines. See also WS-210A.

AFP-206.....U.S. Air Force, satellite, see GAMBIT.

AFP-241.....U.S., satellite. See CORONA.

AFP-313.....U.S., satellite, program, See R&D DATA RELAY, manufactured by Hughes.

AFP-366.....U.S., satellite, program, see CHALET SIGINT Satellite.

AFP-410.....U.S. NASA, program. See Explorer Program.

AFP-417.....U.S. A.F., satellite, classified, launched at the WTR by Thor-Burner II. First launch 1972/11/08

AFP-417.....U.S., satellite, program, Military Meteorological Satellite System, manufactured by RCA. Similar to AFP-417L or Code 417.

AFP-43.....U.S. Air Force, satellite, technology, LEO, Air Force Program 43, Meteorological satellie. Early AFP-417. Launched at Vandenberg by a Thor Agena D. First launch 1964/01/19

AFP-467.....U.S., satellite. See BIG BIRD.

AFP-472.....U.S., satellite, program, Classified Satellite RHYOLITE. Similar to AFP-720.

AFP-476.....U.S.,Air Force Project 467, satellite. See BIG BIRD Satellites

AFP-612.....U.S., satellite, program, precursor to Program 467.

AFP-632.....U.S., satellite, program, DORIAN, KH-10, Manned Orbital Laboratory MOL. See also 287.

AFP-647.....U.S., satellite. See DSP.

AFP-658.....U.S., satellite, program, see SDS-2-2, Communications Satellite.

AFP-675.....U.S., satellite, scientific. Air Force Program-675. Collects infrared data to support the SDIO program. Was the CRYOGENIC INFRARED RADIANCE INSTRUMENT FOR SHUTTLE or CIRRIS.

AFP-706.....U.S., satellite, program. Project SAINT (Co-Orbital Satellite Inspection System). See also 621A, RS-649F.

AFP-711.....U.S., satellite, program, JUMPSEAT ELINT Satellite (World-Wide Radar Mapping Satellite System). See also FERRET.

AFP-720.....U.S. Air Force, satellite, see RHYOLITE or SAMOS.

AFP-720A.....U.S., satellite, program, Advanced SAMOS.

AFP-731.....U.S., satellite, program, IKON" ("Improved CRYSTAL") (KH-12?) Reconnaissance Satellite.

AFP-731.....U.S., USAF, satellite, surveillance, Also known as USA-053. First launch 1990/02/28

AFP-777.....U.S., satellite. See DSCS.

AFP-827.....U.S. Air Force, satellite, see CANYON.

AFP-949.....U.S., satellite, program, Reconnaissance and Early Warning System. Part of AFP-647. Originally 266.

AFRICAN STAR.....U.S. Satellite. See AFRISTAR.

AFRISTAR.....U.S., satellite, communications, Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB), operated by WorldSpace for African markets. Known as AFRICAN STAR (satellite) Other satellite in series include ASIASTAR and AMERISTAR. Launched at Kourou by an Ariane 44L. See also WORLDSPACE.  First launch 1998/10/28

AFSCN.....U.S., organization. Air Force Satellite Control Network. World wide network of USAF ground tracking stations and control center. Control center located at Onizuka AF Station, Sunnyvale, CA.

afterbody.....A rocket or missile section that continues to trail the nose cone or satellite from which it was separated in orbit.

a_g.....Acceleration due to gravity of Earth, 9.978 m/s², 32.2 ft/s². See acceleration.

AG.....Orbital elements, see F & G Elements.

Agena.....U.S. launch vehicle. Air Force, second stage of the Thor, Delta, and Atlas Boosters. Liquid fueled engine capable of being restarted. Build by Lockheed Missile and Space Company, now part of Lockheed Martin.

- Agena A. Used Hustler 8048 engine.

- Agena B. Used Hustler 8081 engine. or Hustler 8096.

- Agena D. DoD System Management Codes 648A. First launch 1959/02/28

Agena A.....U.S., launch vehicle, second stage. Agena engine based upon the rocket propelled nuclear warhead for the USAF B-58 Hustler Bomber. Used Hustler 8048 engine.

Agena B.....U.S., launch vehicle, second stage, based upon the Agena A. Used Hustler 8081 engine or Hustler 8096.

Agena D.....U.S., launch vehicle, second stage, based upon the Agena B.

AGENA TARGET DOCKING ADAPTER.....U.S., satellite, technology, LEO. Test docking capability for GEMINI. Faring separation failure prevented use. Also known as ATDA. First launch 1966/06/01

Agencia Espacial Brasileira.....Brazil, organization, also known as AEB. Manages IAE and INPE.

Agency Spatiale European.....Europe, organization. European Space Agency, ESA, Paris, France. See ESA.

Agenzia Spoziale Italiano.....Italy, organization. See ASI.

agila.....Spanish, Eagle.

AGILA.....Philippine, satellite, mobile communications, GEO. Launched by a Long March 3B rocket from Xichang. Owner is Mabuhay Philippines Satellite Corp. Also known as MABUHAY AGILA. AGILA 1 was PALAPA B2P. First launch 1997/08/19

AGILE.....Italy, satellite, astrophysics research. Scan 1/5 of the sky for gamma rays.

AGM.....U.S., Naval Ship, missile range instrumentation ship.

AGNISAT.....India, satellite, direct broadcast TV, GEO.

AGO.....U.S., organization. See NASA STDN tracking station, Santiago, Chile. Transferred to Chilean government under Centro de Estudios Especiales (CEE).

AGORA.....France, satellite, communication. Based upon Alphabus.

AGRANI.....India, satellite, mobile communications, GEO.

Agusta.....Europe, aerospace company, took over Siai Marchetti in 1990, joined with Alenia and Oto Breda to form Finmeccanica in 1995.

AHSK.....U.S. organization. See NASA STDN tracking station, Honeysuckle Creek, Australia. Closed.

AI.....Launch vehicle motor, Astropower, Inc.

AIAA.....U.S., organization. See American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.

AIM.....U.S., satellite, NASA, scientific. SMEX program satellite, AERONOMY OF THE ICE IN THE MESOSPHERE. First launch 2005/00/00

AIMP.....U.S., satellite, see IMP.

air augmented rocket.....See ducted rocket.

Air Force Eastern Space and Missile Test Range.....U.S., space vehicle launch facility. See Eastern Range.

Air Force Missile and Test Center.....U.S., space vehicle launch facility. Established at Cape Canaveral Air Station, FL. The Air Force Missile and Test Center (AFMTC), one of the many early names of the Eastern Range. 1951/04/14

Air Force Reservation.....U.S., space vehicle launch facility. See Cape Canaveral Air Station.

Air Force Satellite Control Network.....U.S., organization. See AFSCN.

Air Fouga.....Europe, aerospace company, became part of Morane-Saulnier in 1965.

AIR DENSITY EXPLORER.....U.S., satellites, scientific. See EXPLORER series. First launch 1963/12/19

Aisa.....Europe, aerospace company, became part Casa in 1990.

AISAT.....Algeria, satellite, imaging. Uses SSTL Microsat 100 bus. First launch 2002/11/28

AJ.....Launch vehicle motor, Aerojet General Corp.

AJ.....U.S., aerospace company, see Aerojet General.

AJ-1200.....U.S., launch vehicle motor. Manufactured by Aerojet.

AJ10-101.....U.S., launch vehicle motor. Thrust 7700 lbf (34 kN), pressure ? psi (? bar), liquid propellant, IWFNA/UDMH. Derived from the Vanguard launch vehicle stage 2. Used on Thor-Able and Atlas-Able launch vehicles. Also known as AJ10-42.

AJ10-101A.....U.S., launch vehicle motor, used on Thor-Able III and IV.

AJ10-104.....U.S., launch vehicle motor. Thrust 7,890 lbf (34 kN), pressure ? psi (? bar), liquid propellant IRFNA/UDMH. Used on Thor-Able-Star, stage 2.

AJ10-118.....U.S., launch vehicle motor, Aerojet. Thrust 7,800 lbf ( 34 kN), pressure ? psi (? bar), liquid propellant IWFNA/UDMH. Used on Thor-Delta stage 2, Delta stage 2.

AJ10-118F.....U.S./Japan, launch vehicle motor. Thrust ? lbf (? kN), pressure ? psi (? bar), liquid propellant N₂O₄/UDMH-hydrazine. Used on the Japanese N-II, Stage 2, SPSS.

AJ10-118I.....U.S., launch vehicle motor, Aerojet. Thrust 9,850 lbf (43 kN), prssure 827 psi (57 bar), propellant N₂O₄/Aerozine 50. Used on Delta II stage 2.

AJ10-118K.....U.S., launch vehicle motor, Aerojet. Thrust 9,815 lbf (43 kN), prssure 827 psi (57 bar), propellant N₂O₄/Aerozine 50. Used on Delta II stage 2.

AJ10-138.....U.S., launch vehicle motor. Thrust 8,000 lbf (35 kN), pressure ? psi (? bar), liquid propellant N₂O₄/Aerozine-50.

AJ10-37.....U.S., launch vehicle motor, thrust 7600 lbf (33 kN), propellant, IWFNA/UDMH. Manufactured by Aerojet. DoD Rocket Motor Designation LR52. Used on the Vanguard launch vehicle stage 2.

AJ10-42.....U.S., launch vehicle motor. Thrust 7700 lbf (34 kN), pressure ? psi (? bar), liquid propellant, IWFNA/UDMH. Derived from the Vanguard launch vehicle stage 2. Used on Thor-Able launch vehicle. Also known as AJ10-101A.

AJ26-58.....U.S., launch vehicle motor, Aerojet, based upon the ND Kurnestov NK-33 motor, single start. Used on K-1 LAP stage 1. Thrust 340,000 lbf (1512 kN), pressure 2109 psi (145 bar), propellant LOX/RP-1.

AJ26-59.....U.S., launch vehicle motor, Aerojet, based upon the ND Kurnestov NK-33 motor, restart. Used on K-1 LAP stage 1. Thrust 340,000 lbf (1512 kN), pressure 2109 psi (145 bar), propellant LOX/RP-1.

AJ26-60.....U.S., launch vehicle motor, Aerojet, based upon the ND Kurnestov NK-43 motor. Used on K-1 OV stage 2. Thrust 398,000 lbf (1769 kN), pressure 2109 psi (145 bar), propellant LOX/RP-1.

ajisai.....Japan, flower, Hydrangea.

AJISAI.....Japan, satellite. See EGP.

AK.....Russia, Azotna Kislota, Nitric Acid.

AK-27P.....Russia, launch vehicle propellant. 73% nitric acid + 27% N2O4 + unknown additive.

AK20.....Russia, launch vehicle propellant. 80% nitric acid + 20% N₂O₄.

AK20F.....Russia, launch vehicle propellant. 80% nitric acid + 20% N2O4 + fluorine passivant.

AK20I.....Russia, launch vehicle propellant. 80% nitric acid + 20% N2O4 + iodine passivant.

AK20K.....Russia, launch vehicle propellant. 80% nitric acid + 20% N2O4 + unknown additive.

AK27I.....Russia, launch vehicle propellant. 73% nitric acid + 27% N2O4 + iodine passivant.

AKA.....Also known as.

AKARI.....Japan, satellite, infrared astronomy, elliptical SSO. Also known as ASTRO-F. First launch 2006/02/21

akebono.....Japan, Dawn.

AKEBONO.....Japan, satellite,see EXOS.

Akers, Thomas.....U.S., astronaut, STS-41, 1990/10/06, STS-49, 1992/05/07, STS-61, 1993/12/02, STS-79, 1996/09/16. First launch 1990/10/06

Akiyam, Toyohiro.....Japan, cosmonaut, SOYUZ TM 11, 1990/12/02. First launch 1990/12/02

AKM.....Apogee Kick Motor. Rocket motor ignited when the satellite reaches the Apogee, placing it in a circular orbit.

Aksyonov, Vladimir.....Russia, cosmonaut, SOYUZ 22, 1976/09/15, SOYUZ T2, 1980/06/05.

First launch 1976/09/15

aktivniy.....Russia, active.

Akvamarin.....Russia, launch vehicle. See RIF MA

Al.....Launch vehicle propellant, solid, fuel, Aluminum.

Al Anbar.....Iraq, space vehicle launch facility, 33.5^o N, 34.0^o E. First launch 1989/12/05

AL'TAIR.....Russia, satellite, see ALTAIR.

Al-Saud, Sultan Saleman Abdelaziz.....Saudi Arabia, astronaut, STS-51G (18), 1985/06/17. First launch 1985/06/17

Alacrity MOS 520.....USS Alacrity MOS 520, recovery ship, part of the fleet which recovered or was on duty and capable of recovering the following: APOLLO 16.

Alan, Andrew.....U.S., astronaut, STS-46, 1992/07/31. First launch 1992/07/31

Alaska Aerospace Development Corp......U.S., company, operator of the Kodiak Launch Site. Also known as AADC.

Alaska Station.....U.S., organization. NASA, STDN, Spaceflight Tracking and Data Network. Alaska Station, P.O. Box 1307, Fairbanks, AK. 99707 US. Started 1963/09/01, Turned over to NOAA 10/01/84.

ALBATROS.....Russia, satellite, reusable orbital space shuttle, renamed BURAN .

ALCA.....Brasil, space vehicle launch facility. See Alcantara.

Alcantara.....Brazil, Maranhao, space vehicle launch facility. Launch site for SONDA and Veiculo Lancador de Satellites (VLS) sounding rockets and low earth orbit Missions (proposed). 2.17 S, 44.23 W. The launch site is located near Sao Luis on the Atlantic Coast. The site is in preparation for launching Brazil's first orbital launch vehicle, VLS. POC Departamento de Pesquisas y Desenvolvimento, Esplanada dos Ministérios-Bloco M, Edifício Anexo do Maer, 3^o Andar, 70.045-900-Brasília-DF, Brasil. Its formal opening was 1990/00/00

Alcatel.....France, company, aerospace. Address: 54 Rue le Boètie, 75008 Paris, France. www.alcatel.com. Joint ventures/partnerships: Cyberstar, partner with Loral Space & Communications. Eurasiasat S.A.M. partner Türk Telekom. Europe*Star, partner Loral Space & Communications. SkyBridge, Partner: Loral Space & Communications, others from Belgium, Canada, France, Japan and USA. TE.SA.M (GLOBALSTAR) partner: France Tèlècom. Was Alcatel Alsthom.

Alcatel Alsthom.....Europe, aerospace company, formally Aerospatiale Satellite Div. Address: 33 rue Emeriau, 75015 Paris Cedex France. Became Alcatel.

Alcatel Spacebus 3000B.....France, satellite bus.

Alcatel Spacebus 3000B3S.....France, satellite bus.

Aldrin, Edwin.....U.S., astronaut, GEMINI 12, 1966/11/11, APOLLO 11, 1969/07/16. Also known as Buzz Aldrin. First launch 1966/11/11

Alenia.....Europe, aerospace company, Aeritalia and Selenia joined to become Alenia in 1990. Alenia joined with Agusta and Oto Breda to form Finmeccanica in 1995 and Astrium in 1999.

ALENIA LEONARDO.....Italy, ISA Satellite, LEO, ISS Logistic Module, MPLM-1, launched by STS 105. First launch 2001/08/09

ALEXIS.....U.S. satellite, scientific, ARRAY FOR LOW ENERGY X-RAY IMAGING SENSORS. Used to scan the heavens for low-energy X-ray activity. Launched at EAFB by the Pegasus booster. First launch 1993/04/25

Alexsandrov, Alexander.....Bulgaria, cosmonaut, SOYUZ TM 05, 1988/06/07. First launch 1988/06/07

Alexsandrov, Alexander.....Russia, cosmonaut, SOYUZ T9, 1983/06/27, SOYUZ TM 03, 1987/07/22. First launch 1983/06/27

Alfa Romeo Avio.....Europe, aerospace company, became part Aeritalia in 1985.

Alfex.....Japan, spaceplane, landing tests. Series of about 13 tests of automatic landing system of the Japanese Hope spaceplane at Woomera during July and August 1996. First launch 1996/07/06

Algol.....U.S., launch vehicle motor, manufactured by Aerojet.

Algol I.....U.S., launch vehicle motor. Thrust 68,000 lbf (382 kN), pressure ? psi (? bar), solid propellant ? Also known as XM-68. Manufactured by Aerojet-General Corp. Derived from the Jupiter and Polaris programs.

Algol IC.....U.S., launch vehicle motor. Manufactured by Aerojet-General Corp. Used on the Scout launch vehicle.

Algol ID......U.S., launch vehicle motor. Manufactured by Aerojet-General Corp. Used on the Scout launch vehicle.

Algol IIA.....U.S., launch vehicle motor, thrust ? lbf (? kN), pressure ? psi (? bar), solid propellant ? Manufactured by Aerojet-General Corp. Also known as 40 KS. Used on the Scout launch vehicle.

Algol IIB.....U.S., launch vehicle motor, thrust ? lbf (? kN), pressure ? psi (? bar), solid propellant ? Algol IIA with modified nozzle. Manufactured by Aerojet-General Corp. Used on the Scout launch vehicle.

Algol IIIA.....U.S., launch vehicle motor, thrust 104,500 lbf (464 kN), pressure 450 psi (31 bar), solid propellant PBAN. Manufactured by United Technology Corp. Chemical Systems Division. Used on the Scout launch vehicle.

Algol KA 54.....USS Algol KA 54, recovery ship, part of the fleet which recovered or was on duty and capable of recovering the following: APOLLO 9.

Alice Springs Balloon Launch Station.....Australia/USA, Alice Springs, organization. Launch station for balloons carrying a large variety of scientific payloads.

Allen, Andrew.....U.S., astronaut, STS-62, 1994/03/09, STS-75, 1996/02/22. First launch 1982/11/11

Allen, Joseph.....U.S., astronaut, STS-5, 1982/11/11, STS-51A (14), 1984/11/08. First launch 1982/11/11

Alliant Tech Systems.....U.S., aerospace company, manufacturers solid fuel rocket motors. Buys Thiokol from ALCOA Inc.

Alliant Techsystems.....U.S., aerospace company. Address: PO Box 98, Magna, UT 84044, USA.

almaz.....Russia, diamond, element, crystalline form of carbon, atomic number 6, used as a gem.

ALMAZ.....Russia, satellite, commercial remote sensing, studies geology, cartography, oceanography, ecology, and agriculture. Also known as MECH-KU. First launch 1991/03/31

ALMAZ.....Russia, satellite, Also known as OPS. Launched from Tyuratam by SL-13. Renamed SALYUT after launch, SALYUT 2, 3, and 5. Also known as 11F71. First launch 1973/04/03

ALMAZ-K.....Russia, satellite, see 11F668.

ALOS.....Japan, satellite, observation. ADVANCED LAND OBSERVING SATELLITE. Also known as RIKU IKI KANSOKU GIJUTSU EISEI. Renamed DAICHI, Mother Earth. First launch 2006/01/24

ALOUETTE.....Canada, satellite. Two satellites were launched into polar orbits by the U.S. with a Thor-Agena B at the WTR for Canada to test the effect of the ionosphere on communications.

- ALOUETTE 1 launched 1962/09/29

- ALOUETTE 2 launched 1965/11/29.

First launch 1962/09/29

ALP-SAT.....Switzerland & Austria, satellite, solar activity, Sun/Earth L1.

alpha.....Α, α, alpha, 1, Greek Alphabet.

ALPHA.....U.S., satellite, see ISSA, INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION ALPHA.

ALPHA FGB.....Russia, satellite, see ZARYA.

Alphabus.....Europe, satellite bus by Alcatel & Astrium. 12-18 kW, 3m x 5 m in size, 6 to 8 tons.

ALPHASAT.....Europe, satellite, communications, based upon the Alphabus.

ALS.....Russia, satellite, see LUNA.

ALSAT.....Algeria, satellite, earth observation, LEO, constellation of 5 satellites with different names. First launch 2002/11/28

ALSOR Viper.....U.S., rocket, Air launched meteorology for X-15. First launch 1962/00/00

Altair.....U.S., launch vehicle motor, manufactured by Thiokol.

Altair.....Russia, mission title for Soyuz TM-17. First launch 1993/07/01

Altair.....U.S., Launch vehicle, 4^th stage used on Scout, Thor and Atlas launch vehicles. Derived from the Vanguard 3^rd stage.

Altair I.....U.S., launch vehicle motor, thrust 2,760 lbf (12 kN), pressure ? psi (? bar), solid propellant. Also known as X-248. Manufactured by Thiokol. Derived from the Vanguard launch vehicle.

Altair II.....U.S., launch vehicle motor, thrust 5,800 lbf (25.8 kN), pressure ? psi (? bar), solid propellant. Also known as X-248. Manufactured by Thiokol. Used on the Scout and Burner launch vehicles.

Altair IIIA.....U.S., launch vehicle motor, thrust 5,800 lbf (25.8 kN), pressure 670 psi (46 bar), solid propellant CTPB. Also known as TEM-640. Manufactured by Thiokol and United Technologies. Used on the Scout launch vehicle.

ALTAIR.....Russia, satellite, military communication. See LUCH. Also known as AL'TAIR.

ALTAIR.....U.S., satellite. First launch 1960/04/01

Altair-248.....U.S., launch vehicle motor, see ABL-248.

ALTIKA.....France, satellite, CNES, Altimetry measurement.

altitude.....1) height measured from the surface of the Earth or other body.

2) orbital altitude in miles important to Earth satellites orbits;

- 100-300 (170-540 km): shuttles, space stations, spy, navigation, ham (amateur radio)

- 300-600 (540-1000 km): weather, photo

- 600-1,200 (1000-2000 km): spy, military communications, ham, science

- 3,000-6,000 (5100-10,200 km): science

- 6,000-12,000 (10,200-20,400 km): navigation

- 22,300 (38,000 km): stationary, geostationary, geosynchronous, communications, broadcast, weather

- 250-50,000 (425-85,000 km) (Elliptical): early-warning, MOLNIYA, broadcast, communications, spy, ham.

Altman, Scott.....U.S., astronaut, STS 90, 1998/04/17, STS-106, 2000/09/08, STS-109, 2002/03/01. First launch 1998/04/17

Aluminum.....Launch vehicle propellant, solid, fuel. Chemical symbol Al.

Amalthea.....Jupiter moon, one of 16. See also Metis, Adrastea, Amalthea, Thebe, Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, Leda, Sinope, Himalia, Lysithea, Elara, Ananke, Carme, Pasiphae.

AMATEUR SATELLITES.....Satellite. See AMSAT.

AMAZONAS.....Spain, satellite, communication, GEO. Uses Eurostar 3000 bus. First launch 2004/08/04

AMC.....U.S., Europe, satellite, communications, GEO, owned by SES Amreicom. Some GE satellites renamed AMC. First launch 1996/9/8

AMENSTAR.....U.S., satellite, communications, GEO.

America.....Geographical location, northern hemisphere, continent, named after Americus Vespucius.

AMERICA.....U.S. NASA, satellite, manned spacecraft, trans lunar orbit. APOLLO 17, CSM-114. Launched by Saturn 5 at KSC. CDR Eugene Cernan, LMP Harrison Schmitt, CMP Ronald Evans. LA 1972/12/07, LL 1972/12/11, LF 1972/12/14, R 1972/12/19, PRS U.S.S. Ticonderoga (CVS-14). First launch 1972/12/07

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.....U.S., organization. 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Suite 500, Reston, VA 20191, USA. Also known as AIAA.

American Mobil Satellite Corp......U.S. aerospace company. Also known as AMSC. Established in 1988. Provides communication services for mobile users. Address: 10802 Parkridge Blvd., Reston, VA 20191. Purchased by Thiokol Propulsion in 2001.

American Rocket Co......U.S., aerospace company. Also known as AMROC. Address: 5126 Ralston St., Ventura, CA 93003, USA. First launch 1989/10/05

American Rocket Society.....U.S., organization. Society which developed liquid fuel rockets in the 1930's. Also known as ARS. Became the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA).

AMERICAN MOBIL COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE CORP.....U.S., satellite. See AMSC.

AMERICAN SATELLITE CORPORATION.....U.S. satellite. See ASC.

AMERISTAR.....U.S., satellite. Was CARIBSTAR.

Ames Research Center.....U.S. NASA, organization. Ames Research Center, Moffett Filed, Mountain View, CA 94035. U.S., Located at Moffett Field, California. ARC is active in aeronautical research, life sciences, space science, and technology research. The Center houses the world's largest wind tunnel and the world's most powerful supercomputer system, specializes in scientific research, exploration and applications aimed toward creating new technology for the nation. Formed in 1940 by NACA.

Améthyste.....France, launch vehicle motor, stretched Emeraude, used a Valios engine, thrust 71,000 lbf (316 kN), pressure psi ( bar), liquid propellant N₂O₄/UDMH.

AMMA.....Russia, satellite, see 19KA30.

Ammonium dinitramine.....Launch vehicle propellant, solid, oxidizer. NH₄N₄O₄ Also known as ADN.

Ammonium nitrate.....Launch vehicle propellant, solid, oxidizer. Chemical symbol NH₄NO₃. Also known as AN.

Ammonium perchlorate.....Launch vehicle propellant, solid, oxidizer. Chemical symbol NH₄ClO₄. Also known as AP.

Amon-Re.....Egypt, ruler god, god of sun, light.

Amos.....Israel, satellite bus, Israel Aircraft Industries. GEO/MEO,

Amos.....Amos of Tekoa, c. 750BC, prophet.

AMOS.....U.S., organization. Air Force. Air Force Maui Optical Site Experiment. An optical tracking site located at Maui, Hawaii to check the Space Shuttle during reentry for the plume phenomena. First used on STS-29. 1989/03/18

AMOS.....Israel, satellite, telecommunications. Launched at Kourou by an Ariane 44L V 86, GEO. First launch 1996/05/15

AMPT-CCE.....U.S., German, UK, satellite. See AMPT

AMPTE.....U.S., Germany, United Kingdom, satellites. AMPTE is named for the ACTIVE MAGNETOSPHERE PARTICLE TRACER EXPLORES. Three satellites were launched on the same Delta booster from Cape Canaveral. Great Britain's satellite in the trio was the UNITED KINGDOM SUB-SATELLITE (UKS), known as AMPTE 3. West Germany's was the ION RELEASE MODULE (IRM), known as AMPTE 2. The U.S. satellite was the CHARGE COMPOSITION EXPLORER (CCE) known as AMPTE 1. The orbits of IRM and UKS took them more than 70,000 miles from Earth. The CCE's orbit carried it 31,000 miles from Earth. The IRM released clouds of lithium and barium to see how they would be affected by the solar wind. UKS observed the artificial clouds from close up, while the CCE studied them from lower in the magnetosphere. First launch 1984/08/16

AMR.....U.S. organization. See Atlantic Missile Range.

AMRC.....U.S., satellite, communications, GEO.

AMROC.....U.S., aerospace company. See American Rocket Co.

AMSAT - OSCAR.....U.S. Satellite, series of AMATEUR SATELLITES - ORBITING SATELLITE CARRYING AMATEUR RADIO, amateur built and operated satellites carrying an amateur radio and designed to retransmit Mores-code messages. AMSAT, 850 Sligo Avenue, Suite 600, Silver Spring, MD 20910-4703, U.S. See also OSCAR.

- AMSAT-OSCAR 07, 1974/11/15, WTR, Thorad Delta

- AMSAT-OSCAR 08, 1978/03/05, WTR, Delta

- AMSAT-OSCAR 10, 1983/06/16, Kourou, Ariane.

First launch 1978/03/05

AMSAT PHASE 3D.....Germany, satellite, communications, HEO. Also known as AMSAT-OSCAR 40, or AO 40. First launch 2000/11/16

AMSAT-ECHO.....U.S., satellite, amateur radio. First launch 2004/06/04

AMSC.....U.S., aerospace company, see American Mobil Satellite Corp.

AMSC.....U.S., satellite, communications. AMERICAN MOBIL COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE CORP. Launched at the ETR by an Atlas 2A. Renamed MSAT-2 in 1998 Also known as ACTEL-1. First launch 1995/04/07

AN.....Launch vehicle propellant, solid, oxidizer, Ammonium nitrate.

AN.....Launch vehicle motor, Aeronutronics Corp.

Ananke.....Jupiter moon, one of 16. See also Metis, Adrastea, Amalthea, Thebe, Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, Leda, Sinope, Himalia, Lysithea, Elara, Ananke, Carme, Pasiphae.

ANATOLIA.....Satellite, communications, was HGS, PALAPA.

ANB-3066.....Launch vehicle propellant.

ANDE RISK REDUCTION MISSION.....U.S., satellite, technology, also known as ANDE-MAA , MOCK ANDE ACTIVE (MAA). First launch 2006/12/21

ANDE-MAA.....U.S., satellite, technology, see as ANDE RISK REDUCTION MISSION . First launch 2006/12/21

Anders, William.....U.S., astronaut, APOLLO 8, 1968/12/21. First launch 1968/12/21

Anderson, Michael.....U.S. Astronaut, STS-89,1998/1/22^,Wade}STS-107, 2003/01/16. First launch 1998/01/22

Andoya Rocket Range.....Norway, launch facility, see Andøya Rocket Range.

Andøya Rocket Range.....Norway, launch facility, sounding rockets. 69.3^o N, 16.0^o E. ARR, Norsk Romesnter (Norwegian Space Centre), PO Box 54, Andenes N-8480, Norway, or Hoffsvein 65A, P.O. Box 85 Smestad, N-0309 Oslo 9, Norway.

Andre-Deshays, Claude.....France, cosmonaut, SOYUZ TM 24, 1996/08/17. First launch 1996/08/17

Angara.....Russia, launch vehicle, Khrunichev State Research and Production Center.

- Angara Universal module, 1 Engines RD-191.

- Angara 1.1, 4600 lbs (2,100 kg), LEO, Angara Universal module, with 2^nd stage Breeze.

- Angara 1.2, 8300 lbs (3,800 kg), LEO, Angara Universal module, with 2^nd stage II LOX/kerosene booster

- Angara A3, 5500 lbm (2500 kg) GTO, Angara 1.2 with 2 Angara Universal modules strapon

- Angara A5, 14,000 lbm (6600 kg) GTO, Angara 1.2 with 4 Angara Universal modules, and KVRB booster.

- Angara A5/HOHM, 16.600 lbm (8000 kg) GTO, Angara 1.2 with 4 Angara Universal modules Stage 2, and KVRB stage.

Angara Stage 2.....Russia, launch vehicle, 1 motor RD-0124A.

Angara Universal module.....Russia, launch vehicle, 1 Engines RD-191.

ANIK.....Canada, satellite, communications, GEO, to reduce the cost of communications with Canadas rural and outlying areas. The ANIK series of satellites have been launched by many different launch vehicles, Delta, STS, and Ariane.

- ANIK A1 1972/11/09 (TELSAT - 1), ETR, Delta.

- ANIK A2 1973/04/20 (TELSAT - 2), ETR, Delta.

- ANIK A3 1975/05/07 (TELSAT - 3), ETR, Delta.

- ANIK B 11978/2/15 (TELSAT - 4), ETR, Delta.

- ANIK C3 1982/11/11 (TELSAT - 6), ETR, Delta.

- ANIK C2 1983/06/16 (TELSAT - 7), ETR, STS-7.

- ANIK C1 1985/04/12 (TELSAT - 9), ETR, STS-51D.

- ANIK D1 1982/08/26 (TELSAT - 5), ETR, Delta.

- ANIK D2 1984/11/08 (TELSAT - 8), ETR, STS-51A.

- ANIK E2 1991/04/04, Kourou, Ariane 44P #43.

- ANIK E1 1991/09/26, Kourou, Ariane 44P #46.

First launch 1972/11/10

ANNA.....U.S. satellite, geodetic satellite (ARMY NAVY NASA AIR FORCE).

- ANNA 1A 1962/05/10, ETR, Thor-Able Star, FTO

- ANNA 1B 1962/10/31, ETR, Thor-Able Star.

First launch 1962/05/10

annäherung.....German for approach.

année.....French for year.

ans.....French for year

ANS.....Holland, satellite, ASTRONOMICAL NETHERLANDS SATELLITE. Launched by the U.S. FTO Launched at the WTR by a Scout. First launch 1974/08/30

Ansari, Anousheh.....U.S., astronaut, SOYUZ TMA 09, 2006/09/18. First launch 2006/09/18

Antares.....Russia, mission title for Soyuz TM-15. First launch 1992/07/27

Antares I.....U.S., launch vehicle motor, thrust 14,500 lbf (64 kN), pressure ? psi (? bar), solid propellant. Manufactured by Hercules. Also known as X-259. Used on Scout launch vehicle.

Antares II.....U.S., launch vehicle motor, thrust lbf ( kN), pressure ? psi (? bar), solid propellant. Also known as X-259. Manufactured by Hercules. Used on Scout launch vehicle.

Antares IIA.....U.S., launch vehicle motor, thrust lbf ( kN), pressure ? psi (? bar), solid propellant. Also known as X-259 Manufactured by Hercules. Used on Scout launch vehicle.

Antares IIB.....U.S., launch vehicle motor, thrust lbf ( kN), pressure ? psi (? bar), solid propellant. Also known as X-259. Manufactured by Hercules. Used on Scout launch vehicle.

Antares IIIA.....U.S., launch vehicle motor, thrust 18,200 lbf (80 kN), pressure 700 psi (48 bar), solid propellant HTPB. Also known as TEM-762. Manufactured by Hercules. Used on Scout launch vehicle.

ANTARES.....U.S., satellite, manned spacecraft, lunar orbit. APOLLO 14, LM-8. See KITTY HAWK CSM-110. First launch 1971/01/31

antenne.....French for aerial.

Antietam CVS 36.....USS Antietam CVS 36, recovery ship, part of the fleet which recovered or was on duty and capable of recovering the following: MERCURY Atlas 6, MERCURY Atlas 8.

Anubis.....Egypt, god of Hell.

AO.....U.S., Naval Ship, oiler.

AO Dvigatel NK.....Russia, Moscow, organization. See OKB-276

AOOT RKK Energiya imeni S.P. Koroleva.....Russia, organization, (1994/07 to present). See OKB-1

AOR-E.....Atlantic Ocean Region-Eastern. The area over the Eastern Atlantic Ocean where GEO satellites are positioned.

AOR-W.....Atlantic Ocean Region-Western. The area over the western Atlantic Ocean where GEO satellites are positioned.

Aoubakirov, Tokhtar.....Kazakhstan, cosmonaut, SOYUZ TM-13, 1991/10/02. First launch 1991/10/02

Aout.....French for August.

AP.....Launch vehicle propellant, solid, oxidizer, Ammonium perchlorate.

AP.....Hong Kong, satellite. See APSTAR

Apache.....U.S., sounding rocket. Solid propellant rocket used with the Nike first stage could carry 10 lbs (24) kg payload to an altitude of 124 miles (210 km). First launch ?

apeks.....Russia, apex.

apex.....Orbital component. The point towards which a body is moving.

APEX.....U.S. satellite, scientific, LEO. Satellite to study the affects of radiation and charged particles on solar panels. ADVANCED PHOTOVOLTAIC AND ELECTRONICS EXPERIMENT. Launched at EAFB by a Pegasus. First launch 1994/08/03

aph-.....Orbital component. Prefix, Away from . Used to describe orbirtal compoents. See also apo-.

Apheline.....Orbital component. The high point (apoapsis) of an orbit around the sun.

aphelion.....Orbital component. The farthest point of the orbit from the Sun.

Aphrodite.....Greece, goddess of love, Venus.

APL.....U.S., organization. See John Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory.

APM-600.....Russia/Ukraine, launch vehicle motor, used on Tsyklon 2K stage 3, thrust ?, pressure ?, propellant N₂O₄/UDMH.

APM-610.....Russia/Ukraine, launch vehicle, uses 4 APM-600 engines. Stage 3 of Tsyklon 2K.

APMT.....Singapore/China, satellite, mobile communications, GEO.

APMT.....China, aerospace company, Asia Pacific Mobile Telecommunications Satellite.

apo-.....Prefix, Away from . Used to describe orbirtal compoents. See also aph-.

Apoapsis.....Orbital component. High point of an orbit. Earth - apogee, Jupiter - apojove, moon - aposelene or apolune, sun - apohelion.^(Doody}

Apocenter.....Orbital component. The point in an orbit furthest from a primary, other than the Sun or Earth.

Apocentric.....Orbital component. See Apocenter.

Apocentricity.....Orbital component. See Apocenter.

Apocynthion.....Orbital component. Point furthest from the moon in an orbit about the moon.

Apogeal.....Orbital component. See apogee.

Apogean.....Orbital component. See apogee.

apogee.....Orbital component. The point in orbit where a body is farthest from Earth. Potential engery (PE) is at a maximum and kinetic energy (KE) is at a minimum at the apogee. See also elliptical orbit.

Apogee and maneuvering stage.....U.S., launch vehicle. Upper stage, used by STS.

Apogeic.....Orbital component. See apogee.

Apogeotropism.....Orbital component. Tendency to move away from the earth or from the pull of gravity.

Apohelio.....Orb