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M

M.....Roman number for 1000.

M.....U.S., satellite. See MURAL.

M.....manned, space flight with a human.

M.....Japan, launch vehicle. Series of launch vehicles, see Mu:

M. Dassault.....Europe, aerospace company, joined with Mreguet to become Dassault Aviation in 1970.

M-1.....U.S., satellite. See MAC-SAT.

M-10.....Japan, launch vehicle motor, used on Mu-4S stage 1 Thrust 161,000 lbf (719 kN), pressure ? psi (? bar).

M-100B.....Russia, rocket, upper atmosphere meteorology. First launch 1964/00/00

M-13.....Japan, launch vehicle motors, thrust 28,000 lbf (128 kN), pressure ? psi (? bar), solid propellant CTPB. Used on M-3S-II launch vehicle.

M-13-TVC .....Japan, launch vehicle motors, used on the Mu-3S. Thrust 228,000 lbf (1,019 kN), pressure psi ? (? bar).

M-14.....Japan, launch vehicle motor. Thrust 850,000 lbf (3780 kN), pressure 853 psi (59 bar), propellant HTPB (BP-204J). Manufactured by IHI Aerospace.

M-20.....Japan, launch vehicle motor, used on Mu-4S stage 2 Thrust 62,000 lbf (279 kN), pressure ? psi (? bar).

M-22-TVC.....Japane, launch vehicle motor, used on MU-3C launch vehicle stage 2. Thrust 62,000 lbf ( 280 kN), pressure psi ? (? bar).

M-23.....Japan, launch vehicle motor, thrust 524 lbf (118 Kn), pressure ? psi (? bar), solid propellant HTPB. Used on the M-3S-II launch vehicle, stage 2.

M-23.....Japan, launch vehicle motor, thrust 118,000 lbf (524 kN), pressure 800 psi (55 bar), solid propellant HTPB. Used on J-1 launch vehicle.

M-25.....Japan, launch vehicle motor. Thrust 340,000 lbf (1520 kN), pressure 1706 psi (118 bar), propellant HTPB (BP-208J). Used on M-5 launch vehicle. Manufactured by IHI Aerospace.

M-30.....Japan, launch vehicle motor, used on Mu-4S stage 3 Thrust 27,000 lbf (171 kN), pressure ? psi (? bar).

M-34.....Japan, launch vehicle motor. Thrust 65,000 lbf (290 kN), pressure 853 psi (59 bar), propellant HTPB (BP-205J). Used on M-5 launch vehicle. Manufactured by IHI Aerospace.

M-3A.....Japane, launch vehicle motor, used on Mu-3C launch vehicle stage 3. Thrust 12,000 lbf (57 kN), pressure psi ? (? bar).

M-3B.....Japan, launch vehicle motor, thrust 132 lbf (30 kN), pressure ? psi (? bar), solid propellant HTPB. Used on the Mu-3S-II launch vehicle, stage 3.

M-3B.....Japan, launch vehicle motor, thrust 30,000 lbf (135 kN), pressure 725 psi (50 bar), solid propellant HTPB. Used on J-1 launch vehicle.

M-3C.....Japan, launch vehicle, see Mu.

M-3H.....Japan, launch vehicle, see Mu.

M-3S.....Japan, launch vehicle, see Mu.

M-3S-II.....Japan, launch vehicle, see Mu.

M-40.....Japan, launch vehicle motor, used on Mu-4S stage 4 Thrust 4100 lbf (18 kN), pressure ? psi (? bar).

M-4S.....Japan, launch vehicle, see Mu 1970/02/11

M-5.....Japan, launch vehicle, see Mu.

M-55A1.....U.S., launch vehicle motor. Thrust 178,000 lbf (792 kN), pressure 741 psi (50 bar), propellant TP-H1011 Type II. Used on Minuteman ICBM stage 1 and Minotaur stage 1.

M-STAR.....U.S., satellite, communications, LEO. 72 satellite constellation to provide businesses with broad bandwidth communications links around the globe. Owned by Motorola. First launch 2000/00/00

M-V.....Japan, launch vehicle. Was the MV, M-V, see Mu, Mu-5

M2 INTEGRAL.....ESA, satellite, scientific, astronomy. See INTEGRAL.

M²A.....Indonesia, satellite, telecommunication. MULTIMEDIA ASIA.

M5.....Japan, launch vehicle. Was the MV, M-V, see Mu, Mu-5

M5-T5.....Japan, satellite. See SAKIGAKE.

M55A1.....U.S., launch vehicle motor, see M-55A 1.

M8.....U.S., launch vehicle. Army, Redstone, IRBM.

MA.....Launch vehicle motor, Marquardt Corp.

MA.....U.S., satellite, MERCURY Atlas. See MERCURY.

MA.....U.S., launch vehicle motor, manufactured by Rocketdyne.

MA-1.....U.S., launch vehicle motor, used on the Atlas A. 2 Chamber booster, 1 chamber sustainer, 2 vernier engines. Thrust booster, each 135,000 lbf (594 kN), sustainer 54,000 lbf, (238 kN), vernier each 1,000 lbf (4.4 kN), pressure ? psi (? bar), liquid propellant LOX/Kerosene.

MA-2.....U.S., launch vehicle motor. Stage 1, 2 XLR-89N A 5, booster thrust 300,000 lbf (1,320 kN) total, pressure ? psi (? bar), liquid propellant LOX/RP-1. Stage 1, sustainer, XLR-105N A 5, thrust 60,000 lbf (267 kN), pressure ? psi (? bar), liquid propellant LOX/RP-1. Vernier, 2 at thrust ? lbf (? kN), pressure ? psi (? bar), liquid propellant LOX/RP-1. Used on Atlas-Able, Atlas-Agena A, Atlas-Mercury, and Atlas-Score launch vehicles.

MA-3.....U.S., launch vehicle motor. Stage 1, 2 booster thrust 330,000 lbf (1,470 kN) total, pressure 580 psi (40 bar), liquid propellant LOX/RP-1. Stage 1, sustainer, thrust 60,000 lbf (267 kN), pressure 720 psi (49 bar), liquid propellant LOX/RP-1. Vernier, 2 at thrust 670 lbf (3 kN), pressure 258 psi (18 bar), liquid propellant LOX/RP-1. Used on Atlas E launch vehicle.

MA-5.....U.S., launch vehicle motor, Boeing - Rocketdyne, used on Atlas I launch vehicles, 2 booster, 1 sustainer. Thrust booster ea 377,000 lbf (1,680 kN), pressure 639 psi (44 bar ), sustainer 60,000 lbf (269 kN), pressure 735 psi (50 bar), vernier thrust 670 lbf (3 kN), pressure 258 psi (18 bar), propellant LOX/RP-1.

MA-5A.....U.S., launch vehicle motor, Rocketdyne, used on Atlas II launch vehicles, 2 booster, 1 sustainer. Thrust booster ea 416,000 lbf (1854 kN), pressure 639 psi (44 bar ), sustainer 59,000 lbf (266 kN), pressure 735 psi (50 bar), propellant LOX/RP-1.

MABES.....Japan, satellite, see FUJI.

Mabuhay Phillippines Satellite Corporation.....Philippine, aerospace company, commercial satellite operator, AGILA. Address: 26/F Rufino Pacific Tower, 6784 Makati City, 1200, Philippines.

MABUHAY AGILA.....Philippine, satellite, see AGILA.

MAC-SAT.....U.S. DoD, satellite, communications. MULTIPLE ACCESS COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE, global store/forward relay.

- MAC-SAT-1, 1990/05/09, WSMC, Scout, M-1.

- MAC-SAT-2, 1990/05/09, WSMC, Scout, M-2.

First launch 1990/05/09

MACAQUE MONKEY.....U.S. satellite. See BIOSATELLITE 3.

Mackenzie DD 836.....USS Mackenzie DD 836, recovery ship, part of the fleet which recovered or was on duty and capable of recovering the following: GEMINI 5, GEMINI 6, GEMINI 7, GEMINI 8, GEMINI 9.

MacLean, Steven.....U.S., astronaut, STS-52, 1992/10/22, STS-115, 2006/09/09. First launch 1992/10/22

MACSAT.....U.S. satellite. See MAC-SAT.

Madrid.....Spain/U.S., organization, NASA, STDN, Spaceflight Tracking and Data Network. Madrid Space Station, Madrid, Spain. Facility Manager, c/o American Embassy, NASA/INTA (Madrid) APO NY 09285.

Madrid Space Station.....Spain. See Madrid.

Magellan.....Fernao de Magalhaes, 1480-1521, explorer.

MAGELLAN.....U.S., NASA, satellite, scientific, Venus Planetary probe. Launched at KSC by the STS 30 into Venus orbit. Also known as VRM.

- Orbit around Venus 1990/08/10.

- Lowered orbit 1993/08/03.

- Entered Venusian atmosphere 1994/10/13.

First launch 1989/05/05

MAGION.....Czechoslovakia, satellite, communications. Receives radio signals from INTERKOSMOS. MAGNETOSPHERE IONOSPHERE satellite. Launched by Russia.

- MAGION 1, 1978/10/24, Plesetsk, SL-8, LEO,1981/9/11.

- MAGION 2, 1989/09/28, Plesetsk, F-2, LEO.

- MAGION 3, 1991/12/28, SL-14, HEO.

- MAGION 4, 1995/08/02, Plesetsk, SL-6, HEO.

- MAGION 5, 1996/08/29, Plesetsk, SL-6, HEO.

First launch 1978/10/24

MAGNE-RAY SATELLITE.....U.S., satellite, see VANGUARD satellite.

MAGNETIC FIELD SATELLITE.....U.S., satellite. See MAGSAT.

MAGNETOMETER SATELLITE.....U.S., satellite, see VANGUARD satellite.

magnetosphere.....The region around Earth, extending to about 40,000 miles in space, that encompasses the Van Allen radiation belt.

MAGNETOSPHERE IONOSPHERE SATELLITE.....Czechoslovakia, satellite. See MAGION.

MAGNETOSPHERE MULTISCALE MISSION.....U.S. NASA, satellite, see MMS.

MAGNUM.....U.S. CIA, satellite, signal intelligence, GEO. Replaced RHYOLITE, renamed ORION. Launched at the KSC by STS-51C, into GEO, 1985-10B, USA 008. First launch 1985/01/24

Magnus, Sandra.....U.S., astronaut, STS-112, 2002/10/07. First launch 2002/10/07

MAGSAT.....U.S. NASA Satellite, scientific, LEO. MAGNETIC FIELD SATELLITE, measure the near earth magnetic field. Launched at the WTR by a Scout G into LEO, decayed 1980/06/11. First launch 1979/10/30

MAILSTAR.....Sweden, satellite, communication, polar orbit. Used for electronic mail.

MAK.....Russia, satellite, scientific. Launched from MIR Space Station. 1991/06/17

Makarov, Oleg.....Russia, cosmonaut, SOYUZ 12, 1973/09/27, SOYUZ 18, 1975/04/05, SOYUZ 27, 01/10/1078, SOYUZ T-3, 1980/11/27. First launch 1973/09/27

Makeyev Rocket Design Bureau.....Russia, organization, manufactures the SS-N-18 ICBM. It is launched from a Russian Delta III submarine. When used to launch satellites into space, the launch vehicle is called Volna.

Malenchenko, Yuri.....Russia, cosmonaut, SOYUZ TM 19, 1994/07/01, STS-101, 2000/05/19, STS-106, 2000/09/08, SOYUZ TMA 2, 2003/04/26. First launch 1994/07/01

Malentchenko, Yuri.....Russia, cosmonaut. See Malenchenko.

Malerba, Franco.....U.S., astronaut, STS-46, 1992/07/31. First launch 1992/07/31

Malyshev, Yuri.....Russia, cosmonaut, SOYUZ T2, 1980/06/05, SOYUZ T11, 1984/04/03. First launch 1980/06/05

MAN.....Launch vehicle motor, Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg, Germany.

Manakov, Gennadi.....Russia, cosmonaut, SOYUZ TM 10, 1990/08/01, SOYUZ TM 16, 1993/01/24. First launch 1990/08/01

Manarov, Musa.....Russia, cosmonaut, SOYUZ TM 04, 1987/12/21, SOYUZ TM 11, 1990/12/02. First launch 1987/12/21

Maneuver and Transfer Vehicle.....U.S., launch vehicle, see MTV.

Manitoba Aerospace Technology Program.....Canada, organization. 500-15 Carlton St., Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C 3H8, Canada. POC for Churchill Research Range.

Manley DD 940.....USS Manley DD 940, recovery ship, part of the fleet which recovered or was on duty and capable of recovering the following: GEMINI 5.

manmade.....Anything made by Homo sapiens.

manned lunar orbit.....First manned lunar orbit APOLLO 8, 10 orbits. 1968/12/24

manned satellite.....A satellite which contains a human, e.g. APOLLO. See manned satellite program.

manned satellite, first.....First manned flight, Yuri Gagarin, VOSTOK 1. 1961/04/21

manned space flight, first.....Yuri Gagarin, VOSTOK 1. 1961/04/21

manned space flight, U.S. first.....Alan Shepard, MERCURY-Redstone 3. First U.S. Manned flight into space. First launch 1961/01/31

manned space flight, longest.....Russia, SOYUZ, Manned spacecraft for flight in Earth orbit, 365 days, 22 hours, 39 minutes, SOYUZ TM-4/TM-6, Vladimir Titov, Musa Manarov, from 1987/12/21 to 1988/12/21

manned space flight.....Humans the traveled higher than 60 miles from the surface of the Earth.

- APOLLO, U.S.

- GEMINI, U.S.

- ISSA, U.S., Russia.

- MERCURY, U.S.

- MIR, Russia, U.S.

- Orion, U.S.

- Program 921, China.

- SKYLAB, U.S.

- SALYUT, Russia.

- SOYUZ, Russia.

- SpaceshipOne, U.S.

- STS, U.S.

- VOSKHOD, Russia

- VOSTOK, Russia.

- X-15, U.S.

See also Human space flight and human/manned Satellite Programs.

Manned Flight Network.....U.S., communications with MERCURY Astronauts.

1) MERCURY Control Center, Cape Canaveral, FL.

2) Computing and Communications Center, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD.

3) Grand Bahama Island.

4) Grand Turk Island.

5) Bermuda Island.

6) Atlantic Ocean ship.

7) Grand Canary Island.

8) West Central Africa, Kano, Nigeria.

9) East Africa, Zanzibar, Tanzania.

10) Indian Ocean ship.

11) Mucha, Australia.

12) Woomera, Australia.

13 Canton, Island.

14) Kauai Island, Hawaii.

15) Poin Arguello, California.

16) Guaymas, Mexico.

17) White Sands, New Mexico.

18) Corps Christi, Texas.

19) Eglin Gulf Coast, Florida.

Manned Maneuvering Unit.....U.S. See MMU.

Manned satellite programs.....- APOLLO, U.S.

- GEMINI, U.S.

- ISSA, U.S., Russia.

- MERCURY, U.S.

- MIR, Russia, U.S.

- Orion, U.S.

- Program 921, China.

- SKYLAB, U.S.

- SALYUT, Russia.

- SOYUZ, Russia.

- STS, U.S.

- VOSKHOD, Russia

- VOSTOK, Russia.

Manned Spacecraft Center.....U.S., NASA, organization. Early name for Johnson Space Flight Center, Houston, TX. Changed 1973/02/21.

Mansfield DD 728.....USS Mansfield DD 728, recovery ship, part of the fleet which recovered or was on duty and capable of recovering the following: MERCURY Atlas 9, GEMINI 11.

MAO.....China, satellite. Part of DONG FANG HONG series of satellites. Also known as CHINA 1. First satellite launched by China. Named after Chairman Mao. First launch 1970/04/24

MAP.....U.S., NASA, satellite, scientific, L2 Earth-moon orbit. Also known as MIDEX 1. Study's the universes origin and evolution through the cosmic microwave background. MICROWAVE ANISOTROPY PROBE. Renamed WILKINSON MICROWAVE ANISOTROPY PROB, WMAP, for David T. Wilkinson (1935-2002) one of the leades of COB and MAP satellites. Its mission is to measure the Anisotropy (MAP) [temperature differences ("Anisotropy")] in the cosmic microwave background radiation. WMAP will probe conditions in the early universe by measuring the properties of the cosmic microwave background radiation over the full sky.

- Launch vehicle will be a Med-Lite Delta II 7425-10.

- Launch from Cape Canaveral, FL.

- Halo orbit about L2 Sun-Earth Lagrange point, 1.5 million km (1 million miles) from Earth. WMAP will follow a trajectory for an Earth-Moon phasing loops with lunar assist to L2.

- Planned mission duration is 27 months (3 months transit to L2, 24 months observing). WMAP’s payload mass is 800 kg (365 lbs). The lead institution is Goddard Space Flight Center in partnership with Princeton University.

First launch 2001/06/30

MAQSAT.....ESA, satellite. MAQUETT SATELLITE (dummy satellite). Earth/moon orbit^. First launch 1997/10/30

MARATHON.....Russia, satellite, mobile communications, elliptical orbit. For use in Russia and former Soviet Union. partners Interfromcosmos of Moscow, NPO Prikladnoi Mikhaniki of Krasnoyarsk, Russia. Would feature 5 ARCOS model satellites in geostationary orbit and 3 MAYAK spacecraft in highly elliptical orbits for arctic regions. Designated to support INMARSAT.

Marconi.....Europe, aerospace company, was Matra until 1980, became Lagardere in late 1990s. Marconi Electronics Division sold to British in 1999.

Marconi Electronic Systems.....Europe, aerospace company, was part of General Electric Crop (UK) (GEC). Became part of British Aerospace (BAe) in 1999.

Marcopolo.....Marco Polo, 1254-1324, explorer.

MARCOPOLO.....Great Britain, satellite. See BSB.

Marduk.....Mesopotamian, Jupiter god.

MARECS.....Europe, satellite, telecommunications, GEO.

- MARECS A, 1981/12/20, Kourou, Ariane L04.

- MARECS B2, 1984/11/10, Kourou, Ariane 3 V11.

First launch 1981/12/20

MARINE OBSERVATION SATELLITE.....Japan, satellite. See MOS.

MARINE SATELLITE.....China, satellite, ocean observation.

MARINER.....U.S. satellites, scientific. Used to explore the inner planets (Mariner 1, 3, 8 failures, 2, 5 Venus, 4, 6, 7, 9 Mars, 10 Venus and Mercury).

- MARINER 1, 1962/07/22, ETR, Atlas Agena B, FTO.

- MARINER 2, 1962/08/27, ETR, Atlas Agena B, Venus Flyby 1962/12/14.

- MARINER 3, 1964/11/05, ETR, Atlas Agena D, FTO.

- MARINER 4, 1964/11/28, ETR, Atlas Agena D, Mars Flyby 1965/07/14.

- MARINER 5, 1967/06/14, ETR, Atlas Agena D, Venus Flyby 1967/10/19.

- MARINER 6, 1969/02/24, ETR, Atlas Centaur, Heliocentric Orbit, Mars Flyby 1969/07/31.

- MARINER 7, 1969/03/27, ETR, Atlas Centaur, Heliocentric Orbit, Mars Flyby 1969/08/05.

- MARINER 8, 1971/05/08, ETR, Atlas Centaur, FTO.

- MARINER 9, 1971/05/30, ETR, Atlas Centaur, Areocentric Orbit, Mars Orbit 1971/11/13.

- MARINER 10, 1973/11/03, ETR, Atlas Centaur, Heliocentric Orbit,

- Venus Flyby 02/05/1074.

- Mercury Flyby #1 1974/03/29.

- Mercury Flyby #2 1974/09/21.

- Mercury Flyby #3 1975/03/16.

First launch 1962/07/22

MARINER VENUS MERCURY 73 .....U.S., satellite, see MARINER 10. Also known as MVM 73.

MARISAT.....U.S., satellite, communications. MARITIME COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITES, for COMSAT, RCA Global Communications, Western Union International, and ITT World Communications. Provide communications to ships of all nations. All launched from the ETR by a Delta into GEO orbit.

MARISAT 1, 1976/02/19.

MARISAT 2, 1976/06/10.

MARISAT 3, 1976/10/14.

First launch 1976/02/19

Maritime Tracking and Control Center.....China, organization. See China Satellite Maritime Tracking and Control Center.

MARITIME COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE.....U.S., satellite. See MARISAT.

MAROC-TUBSAT.....Germany & Morocco, satellite, Earth observation. First launch 2001/12/10

Mars.....Missions to the planet Mars:

- MARS, 1960/10/10, Tyuratam, Molniya, Flyby failure, 1M.

- MARS, 1960/10/14, Tyuratam, Molniya, Flyby failure.

- MARS, 1962/10/24, Tyuratam, Molniya, Flyby failure, 2MV-4.

- MARS 1, 1962/11/01, Tyuratam, Molniya, Flyby failure.

- MARS, 1962/11/04, Tyuratam, Molniya, Lander failure.

- MARINER 3, 1964/11/05, ETR, Atlas Agena, Flyby failure.

- MARINER 4, 1964/11/28, ETR, Atlas Agena, Success.

- ZOND 2, 1964/11/30, Tyuratam, Molniya, Flyby failure.

- MARINER 6, 1969/02/24, ETR, Atlas Centaur, Success.

- MARINER 7, 1969/03/27, ETR, Atlas Centaur, Success.

- MARS, 1969/03/27, Tyuratam, Proton, Orbiter and lander failure.

- MARS, 1969/04/14, Tyuratam, Proton, Orbiter and lander failure.

- MARINER 8, 1971/05/08, ETR, Atlas Centaur, Orbiter failure.

- COSMOS 419, 1971/05/10, Tyuratam, Proton, Orbiter and lander failure.

- MARS 2, 1971/05/19, Tyuratam, Proton, Orbiter and lander failure.

- MARS 3, 1971/05/28, Tyuratam, Proton, Orbiter and lander partly successful.

- MARINER 9, 1971/05/30, ETR, Atlas Centaur, Success.

- MARS 4, 1973/07/21, Tyuratam, Proton, Orbiter failure.

- MARS 5, 1973/07/25, Tyuratam, Proton, Orbiter partly successful.

- MARS 6, 1973/08/05, Tyuratam, Proton, Lander failure.

- MARS 7, 1973/08/09, Tyuratam, Proton, Lander failure.

- VIKING 1, 1975/08/20, ETR, Titan Centaur, Success.

- VIKING 2, 1975/09/09, ETR, Titan Centaur, Success.

- PHOBOS 1, 1988/07/07, Tyuratam, Proton, Orbiter failure, 1F.

- PHOBOS 2, 1988/07/12, Tyuratam, Proton, Orbiter failure.

- MARS OBSERVER, 1992/09/25, ETR, Titan-3 TOS, FTO.

- MARS GLOBAL SURVEYOR, 1996/11/07, ETR, Delta 2.

- MARS '96, 1996/11/17, Tyuratam, Proton, Orbital failure, also known as MARS 8.

- MARS PATHFINDER, 1996/12/04, ETR, Delta 2, Lander, Rover.

- NOZOMI, 1998/07/03, 1998-041A, Kogashima, M-V

- CLIMATE ORBITER 1998/12/11, 1998-073A, ETR. Delta 7425-9.5, also known as MARS SURVEYOR '98

- POLAR LANDER. 1999/01/03, 1999-001A, ETR, Delta 7245-9.5

- 2001 ODYSSEY, 2001/04/07, 2001-013A, ETR, Delta 7925, also known as MARS SURVEYOR 2001.

- MARS EXPRESS, 2003/06/02, 2003-022A, Baykonur, Soyuz-FG/Fregat, BEAGLE 2 lander.

- SPIRIT, 2003/06/10, 2003-027A, ETR,Delta 7925, also known as MARS SURVEYOR 2003.

- OPPORTUNITY, 2003/07/08, 2003-032A, ETR, Delta 7925H, also known as MARS SURVEYOR 2003.

Mars.....The 4th planet from the Sun, 141 million miles from the Sun, period of revolution 687 days, diameter 4,200 miles, two satellites or rings. Other names for Mars, a roman god: Sumerian Lugalmeslam, god; Mesopotamian Nergal, god; Greece Ares.

Mars orbit.....Orbit around the planet Mars, also known as areocentric orbit.

MARS.....India, satellite, micro gravity, recoverable, LEO. MICROGRAVITY APPLICATIONS RECOVERABLE SATELLITE.

MARS.....Russia, satellites, scientific. Spacecraft to study the planet Mars.

- MARS, 1960/10/10, Tyuratam, Molniya, Flyby failure, 1M.

- MARS, 1960/10/14, Tyuratam, Molniya, Flyby failure.

- MARS, 1962/10/24, Tyuratam, Molniya, Flyby failure, 2MV-3.

- MARS 1, 1962/11/01, Tyuratam, Molniya, Flyby failure.

- MARS, 1962/11/04, Tyuratam, Molniya, Lander failure, 2MV-4.

- MARS, 1969/03/27, Tyuratam, Proton, Orbiter and lander failure.

- MARS, 1969/04/14, Tyuratam, Proton, Orbiter and lander failure.

- MARS 2, 1971/05/19, Tyuratam, Proton, Orbiter and lander failure.

- MARS 3, 1971/05/28, Tyuratam, Proton, Orbiter and lander partly successful.

- MARS 4, 1973/07/21, Tyuratam, Proton, Orbiter failure.

- MARS 5, 1973/07/25, Tyuratam, Proton, Orbiter partly successful.

- MARS 6, 1973/08/05, Tyuratam, Proton, Lander failure.

- MARS 7, 1973/08/09, Tyuratam, Proton, Lander failure.

First launch 1960/10/10

MARS 2001.....U.S., satellite, see MARS ODYSSEY.

MARS 2001 ORBITER.....U.S. satellite. See MARS SURVEYOR 2001.

MARS 2007 ORBITERS.....ESA, satellite, also known as NETLANDERS, SCOUT MISSIONS.

MARS 96.....Russia, satellite, scientific. Explore the planet Mars. After launch known as MARS 8. FTO. Launched at Tyuratam by Proton K. First launch 1996/11/16

MARS CLIMATE OBSERVER.....U.S. NASA, satellite, see MARS CLIMATE ORBITER.

MARS CLIMATE ORBITER.....U.S. NASA, satellite, scientific, Mars orbit. Part of MARS SURVEYOR '98, which included the MARS POLAR LANDER. Was also known as MARS CLIMATE OBSERVER. Orbiter failed in Mars Orbit Insertion (MOI) and Lander failed in Entry, Descent and Landing (EDL). First launch 1998/12/11

MARS EXPLORATION ROVERS.....U.S., satellite, scientific, Mars orbit. Also known as MER-A (SPIRIT) and MER-B (OPPORTUNITY). MER-A, first launched 2003/06/10. MER-B first launched 2003/07/07. MER-A, SPIRIT, landed in the Gusev Creater. MER-B, OPPORTUNITY, landed on Meridiani.First launch 2003/06/10

MARS EXPRESS ORBITER.....ESA, satellite, scientific. Analyze Martian soil, using an orbiter and a lander BEAGLE 2.

First launch 2003/06/02

MARS GLOBAL SURVEYOR.....U.S. NASA, satellite, scientific. JPL prime. A replacement mission to achieve most of the goals of the failed MARS OBSERVER mission. Arrived at Mars 1997/09/12, end miss2000/ion 2. Launched at ETR by a Delta 2 booster into at Trans Mars Heliocentric orbit.. First launch 1996/11/07

MARS OBSERVER.....U.S., satellite, scientific. MARS ORBITER (MO) including the 1.5 m/pixel resolution camera was launched at KSC by a Titan III/TOS booster. Contact was lost with MO on 1993/08/21 while it was preparing for entry into Mars orbit. The spacecraft has been written off. (See MARS GLOBAL SURVEYOR, a replacement mission to achieve most of MO's science goals). First launch 1992/09/25

MARS ODYSSEY.....U.S., satellite, scientific, Mars orbit. Entered Mars orbit 2001/10/24. First launch 2001/04/7

MARS ODYSSEY 2001.....U.S., satellite, see MARS ODYSSEY.

MARS ORBITER AND SURVEYOR.....U.S., satellite. See MARS SURVEYOR 98

MARS PATHFINDER.....U.S. NASA, satellite, scientific. JPL prime, scientific mission to land on Mars, reaching speed of over 25,500 miles per hour. Landed on Mars 1997/7/4, end of mission 199709/27^. Lander and microrover to perform technology, science and engineering experiments on the Martian Surface. Lander contained a robotic rover called SOJOURNER, after Sojourner Truth, an African-American reformist who lived during the U.S. Civil War. Also known as MFEX. Part of the Discovery program of low cost satellites. and part of the Mars Surveyor program. Launched at ETR by Delta-2 into a trans Mars Heliocentric orbit. First launch 1996/12/04

MARS POLAR LANDER.....U.S. NASA, satellite, scientific. Part of MARS SURVEYOR '98 MISSION, which included the MARS CLIMATE ORBITER. First launch 1999/01/03

MARS PREMIER.....Europe/U.S., satellite, scientific, Mars lander with sample return. First launch 2011/00/00

MARS PROBE......Russia, satellite, see ZOND satellite.

MARS RECONNAISSANCE ORBITER.....U.S., satellite, scientific, Mars orbit in 2006/03/00. Also known as MRO. First launch 2005/08/12

MARS SAMPLE RETURN.....U.S. NASA, satellite, scientific. Return Martian rock and soil samples to Earth. First launch 2006/00/00

MARS SCIENCE LABORATORY.....U.S., satellite, scientific, Also known as MSC. First launch 2009/00/00

MARS SCIENCE LABORATORY.....U.S., NASA, satellite, scientific, see MSL.

MARS SCOUT.....U.S. NASA, satellite, scientific, Mars orbit. First launch 2007/00/00

MARS SURVEYOR.....U.S., NASA/JPL, Program, and satellite designation. Includes a series of Mars Missions launched on 2-year centers to conduct a sustained Mars exploration activity. See mission descriptions for MARS GLOBAL SURVEYOR, MARS SURVEYOR '98, MARS SURVEYOR 2001, MARS SURVEYOR 2003, MARS SURVEYOR 2005^.

MARS SURVEYOR 1998.....U.S., satellite, scientific, also the mission name. Included MARS CLIMATE ORBITER and MARS POLAR LANDER satellites. Orbiter and lander to trace the evolution of Mars' climate. First launch 1998/12/11

MARS SURVEYOR 2001.....U.S., NASA/JPL, satellite, scientific. Mars orbiter and lander. End of mission 2003/12/00. First launch 2001/04/07

MARS SURVEYOR 2003.....U.S. NASA/JPL, satellite, scientific. Mars orbiter and 2 landers. End of mission 2006/06/00. See MARS EXPLORATION ROVERS, MER.

MARS SURVEYOR 2005.....U.S., NASA/JPL, satellite, scientific. Mars sample. End of mission 2008/07/00. First launch 2005/00/00

MARS TELECOM ORBITER.....U.S., satellite, communications, see MARS TELSAT ORBITER.

MARS TELECOMMUNICATIONS ORBITER.....U.S., NASA, satellite, communications.

MARS TELSAT ORBITER.....U.S., satellite, communications, demonstrate data communications between Earth and Mars. Also known as MARS TELECOM ORBITER. First launch 2009/00/00

MARSCOM.....U.S., satellite, technology, US Naval Academy cubesats, became NMARS . First launch 2006/12/21

Marshal Kyrlov .....Russia, (Russian Navy) tracking ship. See also tracking ships.

Marshal Nedelin.....Russia, (Russian Navy) tracking ship. See also tracking ships.

Marshal SFC.....U.S., organization. See Marshal Space Flight Center.

Marshall Space Flight Center.....U.S. organization. NASA, space flight center, George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812. (MSFC) Located on the grounds of the former Army Ballistic Missile Agency. A multi-project management, scientific, and engineering establishment, with much emphasis on projects involving scientific investigation and applications of space technology to the solution of problems on Earth. It is perhaps best known for its role in building the Saturn launch vehicles that sent astronauts to the Moon during the Apollo program. It is NASA's primary center for space propulsion systems and plays a key role in the development of payloads to be flown on the shuttle (such as SPACELAB). MSFC also manages two other NASA sites: the Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans where the Shuttle's external tanks are manufactured, and the Slidell Computer Complex in Slidell, Louisiana, which provides computer support to Michoud and to NASA's John C. Stennis Space Center. Officially opened. 1960/07/01.

Martin Marietta.....U.S. aerospace company, joined Lockheed to form Lockheed Martin in 1995.

MAS/SRET.....France, satellite, see SRET.

MASAT.....U.S., satellite, amateur radio, LEO SSO. Also known as HOCKEYPUCK. First launch 2000/01/26

Mason DD 352.....USS Mason DD 352, recovery ship, part of the fleet which recovered or was on duty and capable of recovering the following: GEMINI 4, GEMINI 5, APOLLO 9.

Mass of planets.....See Planets.

Mass ratio.....Final mass of the rocket/missile after all the propellant is consumed, divided by the initial mass (before use). Also known as MR.

Massey DD 778.....USS Massey DD 778, recovery ship, part of the fleet which recovered or was on duty and capable of recovering the following: MERCURY Atlas 7, GEMINI AGENA 6.

Massimino, Michael .....U.S., astronaut, STS-109, 2002/03/01 First launch 2002/03/01

Master Control Facility.....India, organization, see INSAT, and ISRO. Also known as MCF.

Mastracchio, Richard A......U.S., astronaut, STS-106, 2000/9/8. First launch 2000/09/08

Matra.....Europe, aerospace company, changed name to Marconi in 1980.

Matra Marconi Space.....Europe, aerospace company. MMR, Matra Marconi Space merged with DaimlerChrysler (Dasa) in 1999.

Mattingly, Thomas.....U.S., astronaut, APOLLO 16, 1972/04/16, STS-4, 1982/06/27, STS-51C (15), 1985/01/24. First launch 1972/04/16

Maul Photo Rocket.....Germany, rocket, low altitude photo reconnaissance. First launch 1912/00/00

Maxus.....Sweden/Germany, rocket, microgravity research. First launch 1991/00/00

Mayak 12.....Ukraine, launch vehicle. Developed by NPO Yuzhnoye. Based upon Zenit 2. 3700 lbs (1700 kg) into 300 mile ( 500 km) SSO. First launch 2005/00/00

Mayak 23.....Ukraine, launch vehicle. Developed by NPO Yuzhnoye. Based upon Zenit 2. 6600 lbs (3000 kg) into GTO.

MAYAK.....Russia, satellite. See MARATHON.

MB-1.....U.S., launch vehicle motor. Thrust 150,000 lbf (660 kN), pressure ? psi (? bar), liquid propellant LOX/Kerosene. Also known as XLR-79N A 5. Used on the Thor-Able.

MB-100.....U.K., satellite bus, Surrey Satellite Technology, micro satellite.

MB-3.....U.S./Japan, launch vehicle motor. 3 versions:

- MB-3 Block 1, XLR-79 N A 7. Thrust 150,000 lbf (660 kN). Liquid propellant LOX/Kerosene-.

- MB-3 Block 2, XLR-79N A 11. Thrust 165,000 lbf (726 kN). Liquid propellant LOX/Kerosene-.

- MB-3 Block 3, LR-79N A 13. Thrust 172,000 lbf (757 kN), pressure ? psi (? bar), liquid propellant LOX/Kerosene.

Used on the Japanese N-I launch vehicle, and Thor launch vehicle, stage 1.

MB-70 (UoSat).....U.K., satellite bus, Surrey Satellite Technology, micro satellite.

MBB.....Europe, aerospace company, became part Daimler-Benz Aerospace in 1990.

MBB ERNO.....Germany, aerospace company. See ERNO.

MBDA.....Europe, company. Merge Marta, BAC Dynamics, EADS Aerospatiale, Matra missile unit and Alenia Marconi Systems (AMS).

MBST.....Japan/South Korea, satellite, communications, digital multimedia broadband broadcasting, GEO. First launch 2004/03/13

McArthur, William.....U.S., astronaut, STS-58, 1993/10/18, STS-74, 1995/11/12, STS-092, 2000/10/11. Soyuz TMA-7 Expediation 11 2005/10/01. First launch 1993/10/18

McAuliffe, Christa.....U.S., astronaut, STS-51L (25), 1986/01/28. First launch 1986/01/28

McBride, Jon.....U.S., astronaut, STS-41G (13), 1984/10/05. First launch 1984/10/05

MCC-M.....Russia, organization, mission control center in Moscow.

McCaffery DD 860.....USS McCaffery DD 860, recovery ship, part of the fleet which recovered or was on duty and capable of recovering the following: MERCURY Atlas 9, GEMINI 9, GEMINI 11.

McCandless, Bruce.....U.S., astronaut, STS-41B (10), 1984/02/03, STS-31, 1990/04/24. First launch 1984/02/03

McCulley, Michael.....U.S., astronaut, STS-034, 1989/10/18. First launch 1989/10/18

McDivitt, James.....U.S., astronaut, GEMINI 4, 1965/06/03, APOLLO 9, 1969/03/03. First launch 1965/06/03

McDonnell Douglas.....U.S. aerospace company, became part of Boeing in 1996.

McDonnell Douglas Expanded extended launch vehicle.....U.S., launch vehicle. See Delta.

MCF.....India, organization, see ISRO. Also known as INSAT Master Control Facility.

MCI DBS.....U.S., satellite, direct broadcast TV, GEO.

McLean, Steven.....Canada, astronaut, STS-052, 1992/10/22. First launch 1992/10/22

McMonagle, Don.....U.S., astronaut, STS-39, 1991/04/28, STS-54, 1993/01/13, STS-66, 1994/11/03. First launch 1991/04/28

McNair, Ronald.....U.S., astronaut, STS-41B (10), 1984/02/03, STS-51L (25), 1986/01/28. First launch 1984/02/03

MCO.....U.S., satellite, see MARS CLIMATE ORBITER.

MCS.....U.S., Naval Ship, mine counter measure.

MDA.....Bermuda, organization. NASA STDN tracking station.

MDO.....U.S., organization. See Missile Defense Organization.

MDS.....Japan, satellite, technology, LEO. MISSION DEMONSTRATION TEST SATELLITE. Also knon as TSUBASA. First launch 2002/02/04

MEA HUAKA’I.....U.S., satellite, see VOYAGER, launched on 2006/07/26. Not to be confused with VOYAGER launched on 1977/08/20.

Meade, Carl.....U.S., astronaut, STS-38, 1990/11/15, STS-50, 1992/06/25, STS-64, 1994/09/09, First launch 1990/11/15

MEASAT.....Malaysia, satellite, direct broadcast TV, GEO.

- MEASAT 1, 1996/01/12, Kourou, Ariane 44L V 82.

- MEASAT 2, 1996/11/13, Kourou, Ariane 44L V 92.

First launch 1996/01/12

mech.....Russia, sword.

MECH-K.....Russia, satellite, see KOSMOS 1870.

MECH-KU.....Russia, satellite, commercial remote sensing, see  ALMAZ,

mechta.....Russia, to Dream.

Mechta.....Russia, daydream.

MECHTA.....Russia, satellite, see LUNA 01.

Medium Earth Orbit.....See MEO.

Medium Lift Low Earth Orbit.....See MLEO.

Medium range ballistic missile.....Missile with a 1500 mile nuclear warhead range, MRBM.

meer.....German for sea.

MEGHA TROPIQUES.....India & France, satellite, weather. Part of an international consitllation of satellites to measure precipitation. See also GPM and EGPM. First launch 2009/00/00

MegSat.....Italy, satellite bus, MegSat, micro satellites.

MEGSAT.....Italy, satellite. First launch 1999/04/28

Melco.....Japan, aerospace company, see Mitsubishi Electric Corporation.

Melnick, Bruce.....U.S., astronaut, STS-41, 1990/10/06, STS-49, 1992/05/07. First launch 1990/10/06

Melroy, Pamela.....U.S., astronaut, STS-092, 2000/10/11, STS-112, 2002/10/07. First launch 2000/10/11

MEMS.....U.S., satellite, technology, tethered, LEO. 2 satellite constellation tethered together.

Mendez, Amaldo.....Russia, cosmonaut, SOYUZ 38, 1980/09/18. First launch 1980/09/18

MEO.....Medium Earth Orbit, altitude between 1,500 miles to about 9,000 miles (2,500 to 15,000 km), periods of 4 to 9 hours, can see about 30% of Earths surface, radio propagation delays of.070 to.080 seconds. Also known as ICO or intermediate circular orbit, located between inner and outer Van Allen radiation belts.

MEPSI.....U.S., DARPA, satellite, technology, MICRO-ELECTROMECHANICAL-BASED PICOSAT SATELLITE INSPECTION Experiment. It consists of two 1 kg boxes attached to each other by a 15-m tether. The boxes include an imaging camera and a MEM transceiver. They were ejected from the PLA (Picosat Launch Assembly), a 6 kg box attached to an Adaptive Payload Carrier (APC) on the payload bay side wall. First launch 2002/12/02

mer.....French for sea.

MER.....U.S., satellite, also known as MARS 03 - MARS EXPLORATION ROVER mission.

Merbold, Ulf.....Germany, astronaut, STS-9, 1983/11/28, STS-42, 1992/01/22, SOYUZ TM 20, 1994/10/03. First launch 1983/11/28

Mercury.....The first planet from the Sun, 36 million miles from the Sun, period of revolution 88 days, diameter 3,000 miles, no satellites or rings. Other names for Mercury: Mesopotamia Nabu, god; Sumerian Nisaba, Nidaba, goddess; Roman Mercury, god; Greece Hermes, Hermes Trismegistor, god; Egypt Thoth (also the moon god, changed during the 4th century BC as a result of assimilation of Greece culture).

Mercury AGM 21.....USS Mercury AGM 21, recovery ship, part of the fleet which recovered or was on duty and capable of recovering the following: APOLLO 8, APOLLO 11. See tracking ship.

Mercury orbit.....Orbit around the planet Mercury.

Mercury Redstone.....U.S. modified Jupiter C, used to launch the MERCURY manned capsule into sub-orbital Flights.

- Mercury Redstone 1A, 1960/12/19, MR-1A.

- Mercury Redstone 2, 1961/01/31, Ham (chimpanzee), MR-2.

- Mercury Redstone BD, 1961/03/24, MR-BD.

- Mercury Redstone 3, 1961/05/05, Shepard, FREEDOM 7.

- Mercury Redstone 4, 1961/07/21, Grissom, LIBERTY BELL 7.

First launch 1960/12/19

MERCURY.....U.S., satellite, scientific, manned. First Manned Space Vehicle, U.S. Object was to place an American in outer space in a one crew member spacecraft.. Shortest flight 15 minutes, 28 second, Alan Shepard, MERCURY-Redstone 3, also first U.S. Manned flight into space 1961/05/05. A total of 23 launches were associated with the MERCURY program, 17 unmanned, two manned suborbital, and four manned orbital. First launch 1959/09/09

MERCURY.....U.S., satellite, signet, GEO. 15 satellite constellation. See USA. 1994/08/27

MERCURY Atlas.....U.S., rocket, LEO manned. MERCURY Atlas, where MERCURY is the manned spacecraft (satellite) and Atlas is the rocket which placed it in space in LEO. Abbreviated MA.

- MERCURY Atlas 1, 1960/07/29, ETR, suborbital, MA-1.

- MERCURY Atlas 2, 1961/02/21, suborbital, MA-2.

- MERCURY Atlas 3, 1961/04/25, ETR, unmanned, FTO.

- MERCURY Atlas 4, 1961/09/13, ETR, unmanned.

- MERCURY Atlas 5, 1961/11/29, ETR, Enos the chimp.

- MERCURY Atlas 6, 1962/02/20, ETR, Glenn, FRIENDSHIP 7.

- MERCURY Atlas 7, 1962/05/24, ETR, Carpenter, AURORA 7.

- MERCURY Atlas 8, 1962/10/03, ETR, Schirra, SIGMA 7.

- MERCURY Atlas 9, 1963/05/15, ETR, Cooper, FAITH 7, returned 1963/05/16.

First launch 1961/04/25

MERCURY MAGNETOSPHERIC ORBITER.....Europe, satellite, see MMO.

MERCURY MS.....U.S., satellite, see MERCURY. First launch 1961/11/01

MERCURY ORBITER.....Japan, satellite, scientific, Mercury orbit.First launch 2005/00/00

MERCURY POLAR ORBITER.....Europe, satellite, see MPO.

MERCURY Redstone......U.S., satellite, see MERCURY.

MERCURY Scout.....U.S., satellite, scientific, FTO. Scout launch vehicle used at the ETR in and attempt to orbit a communication package to evaluate radar tracking capability of the Mercury tracking network. First launch 1961/11/01

Meredith DD 890.....USS Meredith DD 890, recovery ship, part of the fleet which recovered or was on duty and capable of recovering the following: GEMINI 6, GEMINI 7.

MERIDIAN.....Russia, satellite, communications. First launch 2006/12/24

Merlin.....U.S., launch vehicle motor, used on Falcon 1 stage 1. Thrust 85,000 lbf (72 kN), pressure 766 psi (47 bar), propellant LOK/kerosene.

MERLION.....Singapore and UK, satellite.

MEROPE.....U.S., satellite, technology, Montana, picosatellite that is a cubesat. First launch 2006/07/26

Merritt Island launch Area.....U.S., space vehicle launch facility. See MILA.

Merritt Island Station.....U.S., organization, NASA, STDN, Spaceflight Tracking and Data Network. Merritt Island Station, P.O. Box 1947, Titusville, FL. 32780 US. Later Merritt Island-GMIL, Attention: Station Director, NASA/STDN Merritt Island, P.O. Box 1930, Titusville, FL 32781-1930 US. Abbreviated MIL.

MESBAH.....Iran, satellite, technology, Earth observation, LEO. Means Lantern.First launch 2005/00/00

mesonaut.....Person who has flown into the mesosphere in suborbital flights, typically below 80 km.

MESSENGER.....U.S., NASA, satellite, scientific, Mercury orbit. MERCURY SURFACE, SPACE ENVIRONMENT, GEOCHEMISTRY AND RANGING.MESSENGER will enter Mercury’s Orbit in September 2009, to peel back Mercury's veil of mystery. The mission is a scientific investigation of the planet Mercury. Understanding Mercury and the forces that have shaped it, is fundamental to understanding the evolution of terrestrial planets. MESSENGER will orbit Mercury for one Earth year following two flybys of that planet. The orbital phase will use the flyby data as an initial guide to perform a focused scientific investigation of this enigmatic world. According to NASA “The MESSENGER mission will investigate key science questions using an optimized set of seven miniaturized instruments plus the spacecraft communication system:

- What is the origin of Mercury's high density?

- What are the composition and structure of its crust?

- What is Mercury's tectonic history, and is its surface shaped by volcanism?

- What is the nature and origin of Mercury's magnetic field?

- What are the characteristics of the thin atmosphere and miniature magnetosphere?

- What is the nature of the mysterious polar caps?"

       The MESSENGER mission is managed for NASA by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, MD. The path of the satellite will start with a single gravity assist flyby of Earth, two of Venus, and three of Mercury, before going into orbit about Mercury in 2011. The spacecraft will reach escape velocity of 25,000 mph, 35,000 km/hr. The schedule is the following:

       - 2008/08, Earth flyby

       - 2006/10, Venus flyby

       - 2007/06, Venus flyby

       - 2008/01, Mercury flyby

       - 2008/10, Mercury flyby

       - 2009/09, Mercury flyby

       - 2011/03, Mercury orbit.

First launch 2004/08/03

Messerschmidt, Ernst.....Germany, astronaut, STS-61A (22), 1985/10/30. First launch 1985/10/30

Messerschmitt.....Europe, aerospace company, became part HFB in 1975.

Meteo du CSG.....Guyane, organization. Meteorology of CSG (Guiane Space Center) (Ariane tracking station, Kourou, Guyane)

météo.....French for meteorology.

Meteor 3.....Russia, satellite bus, VNIIEM.

METEOR.....Russia, satellite, meteorological, polar orbiting.

- METEOR-M also known as 11F614.

- METEOR-2 also known as 11F632.

- METEOR-3, 1984/09/27, also known as 17F45.

- METEOR-3M

Manufactured by the Research Institute for Electromachanics, VNIIEN.

First launch 1969/03/26

METEOR.....U.S. satellite, scientific, FTO. MULTIPLE EXPERIMENT TRANSPORTER TO EARTH ORBIT AND RETURN Spacecraft (formally COMET). Launched at Wallops Island, Va, by a Conestoga. First launch 1995/10/23

Meteor-1.....Poland, rocket, stratosphere meteorology. First launch 1963/00/00

Meteor-2k.....Poland, rocket, upper atmosphere meteorology. First launch 1970/00/00

Meteor-3.....Poland, rocket, upper atmosphere meteorology. First launch 1968/00/00

METEOR-PRIRODA.....Russia, satellite, Earth resource, SSO.

METEOROID SATELLITES.....U.S., satellites, scientific. Part of the EXPLORER series, S-55, 13, 16. See EXPLORER.

METEOROID TECHNOLOGY SATELLITE.....U.S., satellite, see EXPLORER 46.

meteorological satellite.....A satellite which observes the atmosphere, e.g. NOAA

METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE.....ESA Satellite. See METEOSAT.

METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE.....U.S., satellite. See DMSP.

meteorologie.....German for meteorology.

météorologie.....French for